All The Arabic

E: Verb Charts – Hollow Verbs

Hollow verbs are problematic in Forms I, IV, VII, VIII, and X. In this section you will find charts for all three types of Form I hollow verbs in the active voice, followed by a representative Form I verb in the passive.

You will also find charts for a Form IV hollow and a Form X hollow in both the active and passive voices.. Forms IV and X hollow verbs should be associated together since their conjugations are basically the same pattern. If you can conjugate one Form IV hollow, you should be able to conjugate any Form IV hollow and any Form X hollow.

A chart for a Form VIII hollow verb in both voices is also included. Form VII hollow verbs follow exactly the same pattern as Form VIII. No Form VII chart is provided. Remember also, that Form VII verbs do not exist in the passive voice.

Form I Hollow Verbs: Middle Radical Waaw Active Voice يَزورُ , زارَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَزُرْ	أَزورَ	أَزورُ	زُرْتُ	أنا
زُرْ	تَزُرْ	تَزورَ	تَزورُ	زُرْتَ	أنتَ
زوري	تَزوري	تَزوري	تَزورينَ	زُرْتِ	أنتِ
	يَزُرْ	يَزورَ	يَزورُ	زارَ	هو
	تَزُرْ	تَزورَ	تَزورُ	زارَتْ	هي
					Dual
زورا	تَزورا	تَزورا	تَزورانِ	زُرْتُما	أنتُما
	يَزورا	يَزورا	يَزورانِ	زارا	هما (m)
	تَزورا	تَزورا	تَزورانِ	زارَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَزُرْ	نَزورَ	نَزورُ	زُرْنا	نَحْنَ
زوروا	تَزوروا	تَزوروا	تَزورونَ	زُرْتُمْ	أنتُم
زُرْنَ	تَزُرْنَ	تَزُرْنَ	تَزُرْنَ	زُرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَزوروا	يَزوروا	يَزورونَ	زاروا	هم
	يَزُرْنَ	يَزُرْنَ	يَزُرْنَ	زُرْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
زيرَ	يُزارُ	زائِر	زائِرة	مَزور	مَزورة	زِيارة

Form I Hollow Verbs: Middle Radical Yaa’ Active Voice يَبيعُ , باعَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَبِعْ	أِبيعَ	أِبيعُ	بِعْتُ	أنا
بِعْ	تَبِعْ	تَبيعَ	تَبيعُ	بِعْتَ	أنتَ
بيعي	تَبيعي	تَبيعي	تَبيعينَ	بِعْتِ	أنتِ
	يَبِعْ	يَبيعَ	يَبيعُ	باعَ	هو
	تَبِعْ	تَبيعَ	تَبيعُ	باعَتْ	هي
					Dual
بيعا	تَبيعا	تَبيعا	تَبيعانِ	بِعْتُما	أنتُما
	يَبيعا	يَبيعا	يَبيعانِ	باعا	هما (m)
	تَبيعا	تَبيعا	تَبيعانِ	باعَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَبِعْ	نَبيعَ	نَبيعُ	بِعْنا	نَحْنَ
بيعوا	تَبيعوا	تَبيعوا	تَبيعونَ	بِعْتُمْ	أنتُم
بِعْنَ	تَبِعْنَ	تَبِعْنَ	تَبِعْنَ	بِعْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَبيعوا	يَبيعوا	يَبيعونَ	باعوا	هم
	يَبِعْنَ	يَبِعْنَ	يَبِعْنَ	بِعْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
بيعَ	يُباعُ	بائِع	بائِعة	مَبيع	مَبيعة	بَيْع

Form I Hollow Verbs: Schizophrenic Active Voice يَنامُ , نامَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَنَمْ	أَنامَ	أَنامُ	نِمْتُ	أنا
نَمْ	تَنَمْ	تَنامَ	تَنامُ	نِمْتَ	أنتَ
نامي	تَنامي	تنامي	تنامينَ	نِمْتِ	أنتِ
	يَنَمْ	يَنامَ	يَنامُ	نامَ	هو
	تَنَمْ	تَنامَ	تَنامُ	نامَتْ	هي
					Dual
ناما	تَناما	تَناما	تَنامانِ	نِمْتُما	أنتُما
	يَناما	يَناما	يَنامانِ	ناما	هما (m)
	تَناما	تَناما	تَنامانِ	نامَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَنَمْ	نَنامَ	نَنامُ	نِمْنا	نَحْنَ
ناموا	تَناموا	تَناموا	تَنامونَ	نِمْتُمْ	أنتُم
نَمْنَ	تَنَمْنَ	تَنَمْنَ	تَنَمْنَ	نِمْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَناموا	يَناموا	يَنامونَ	ناموا	هم
	يَنَمْنَ	يَنَمْنَ	يَنَمْنَ	نِمْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
None for this verb	None for this verb	نائِم	نائِمة	None for this verb (see note 1 below)	None for this verb	نَوْم

Form I Hollow Verbs: All Types Passive Voice يَزورُ , زارَ

All Form I hollow verbs in the passive voice will conjugate the same was as the verb below.

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُزَرْ	أُزارَ	أُزارُ	زِرْتُ	أنا
تُزَرْ	تُزارَ	تُزارُ	زِرْتَ	أنتَ
تُزاري	تُزاري	تُزارينَ	زِرْتِ	أنتِ
يُزَرْ	يُزارَ	يُزارُ	زيرَ	هو
تُزَرْ	تُزارَ	تُزارُ	زيرَتْ	هي
				Dual
تُزارا	تُزارا	تُزارانِ	زِرْتُما	أنتُما
يُزارا	يُزارا	يُزارانِ	زيرا	هما (m)
تُزارا	تُزارا	تُزارانِ	زيرَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُزَرْ	نُزارَ	نُزارُ	زِرْنا	نَحْنَ
تُزاروا	تُزاروا	تُزارونَ	زِرْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُزْرْنَ	تُزْرْنَ	تُزْرْنَ	زِرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُزاروا	يُزاروا	يُزارونَ	زيروا	هم
يُزْرْنَ	يُزْرْنَ	يُزْرْنَ	زِرْنَ	هنَّ

Form IV Hollow Verbs: Active Voice يُقيمُ , أَقامَ

All Form IV hollow verbs in the active voice conjugation in the same was as the verb below.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَقِمْ	أُقيمَ	أُقيمُ	أَقَمْتُ	أنا
أَقِمْ	تُقِمْ	تُقيمَ	تُقيمُ	أَقَمْتَ	أنتَ
أَقيمي	تُقيمي	تُقيمي	تُقيمينَ	أَقَمْتِ	أنتِ
	يُقِمْ	يُقيمَ	يُقيمُ	أَقامَ	هو
	تُقِمْ	تُقيمَ	تُقيمُ	أَقامَتْ	هي
					Dual
أَقيما	تُقيما	تُقيما	تُقيمانِ	أَقَمْتُما	أنتُما
	يُقيما	يُقيما	يُقيمانِ	أَقاما	هما (m)
	تُقيما	تُقيما	تُقيمانِ	أَقامَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نُقِمْ	نُقيمَ	نُقيمُ	أَقَمْنا	نَحْنَ
أَقيموا	تُقيموا	تُقيموا	تُقيمونَ	أَقَمْتُمْ	أنتُم
أَقِمْنَ	تُقِمْنَ	تُقِمْنَ	تُقِمْنَ	أَقَمْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يُقيموا	يُقيموا	يُقيمونَ	أَقاموا	هم
	يُقِمْنَ	يُقِمْنَ	يُقِمْنَ	أَقَمْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُقيمَ	يُقامُ	مُقيم	مُقيمة	مُقام	مُقامة	إِقامة

Form IV Hollow Verbs: Passive Voice يُقيمُ , أَقامَ

All Form IV hollow verbs in the passive voice will conjugate in the same way as the verb below. Note that a Form IV hollow verb in any of the imperfect passive conjugations has the exact same pattern as Form I hollow verbs have in the imperfect passive.

(Not all of the conjugations for this model verb make sense in actual usage.)

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُقَمْ	أُقامَ	أُقامُ	أُقِمْتُ	أنا
تُقَمْ	تُقامَ	تُقامُ	أُقِمْتَ	أنتَ
تُقامي	تُقامي	تُقامينَ	أُقِمْتِ	أنتِ
يُقَمْ	يُقامَ	يُقامُ	أُقيمَ	هو
تُقَمْ	تُقامَ	تُقامُ	أُقيمَتْ	هي
				Dual
تُقاما	تُقاما	تُقامانِ	أُقِمْتُما	أنتُما
يُقاما	يُقاما	يُقامانِ	أُقيما	هما (m)
تُقاما	تُقاما	تُقامانِ	أُقيمَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُقَمْ	نُقامَ	نُقامُ	أُقِمْنَ	نَحْنَ
تُقاموا	تُقاموا	تُقامونَ	أُقِمْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُقَمْنَ	تُقَمْنَ	تُقَمْنَ	أُقِمْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُقاموا	يُقاموا	يُقامونَ	أُقيموا	هم
يُقَمْنَ	يُقَمْنَ	يُقَمْنَ	أُقِمْنَ	هنَّ

Form VIII Hollow Verbs: Active Voice يَخْتارُ , إخْتارَ

All Form VIII hollow verbs will conjugate in the active voice in the same way as as the verb below.

Additionally, all Form VII hollow verbs will also conjugate the same way.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَخْتَرْ	أَخْتارَ	أَخْتارُ	إِخْتَرْتُ	أنا
إِخْتَرْ	تَخْتَرْ	تَخْتارَ	تَخْتارُ	إِخْتَرْتَ	أنتَ
إِخْتاري	تَخْتاري	تَخْتاري	تَخْتارينَ	إِخْتَرْتِ	أنتِ
	يَخْتَرْ	يَخْتارَ	يَخْتارُ	إِخْتارَ	هو
	تَخْتَرْ	تَخْتارَ	تَخْتارُ	إِخْتارَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِخْتارا	تَخْتارا	تَخْتارا	تَخْتارانِ	إِخْتَرْتُما	أنتُما
	يَخْتارا	يَخْتارا	يَخْتارانِ	إِخْتارا	هما (m)
	تَخْتارا	تَخْتارا	تَخْتارانِ	إِخْتارَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَخْتَرْ	نَخْتارَ	نَخْتارُ	إِخْتَرْنا	نَحْنَ
إِخْتاروا	تَخْتاروا	تَخْتاروا	تَخْتارونَ	إِخْتَرْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِخْتَرْنَ	تَخْتَرنَ	تَخْتَرنَ	تَخْتَرنَ	إِخْتَرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَخْتاروا	يَخْتاروا	يَخْتارونَ	إِخْتاروا	هم
	يَخْتَرنَ	يَخْتَرنَ	يَخْتَرنَ	إِخْتَرْنا	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُخْتيرَ	يُخْتارُ	مُخْتار (see note 2 below)	مُخْتارة	مُخْتار	مُخْتارة	إِخْتِيار

Form VIII Hollow Verbs: Passive Voice يَخْتارُ , إخْتارَ

All Form VIII verbs in the passive voice will conjugate in the same way as the verb below. Note that Form VII hollow verbs do not exist in the passive voice.

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُخْتَرْ	أُخْتارَ	أُخْتارُ	أُخْتِرْتُ	أنا
تُخْتَرْ	تُخْتارَ	تُخْتارُ	أُخْتِرْتَ	أنتَ
تُخْتاري	تُخْتاري	تُخْتارينَ	أُخْتِرْتِ	أنتِ
يُخْتَرْ	يُخْتارَ	يُخْتارُ	أُخْتيرَ	هو
تُخْتَرْ	تُخْتارَ	تُخْتارُ	أُخْتيرَت	هي
				Dual
تُخْتارا	تُخْتارا	تُخْتارانِ	أُخْتِرْتُما	أنتُما
يُخْتارا	يُخْتارا	يُخْتارانِ	أٌخْتيرا	هما (m)
تُخْتارا	تُخْتارا	تُخْتارانِ	أُخْتيرَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُخْتَرْ	نُخْتارَ	نُخْتارُ	أُخْتِرْنا	نَحْنَ
تُخْتاروا	تُخْتاروا	تُخْتارونَ	أُخْتِرْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُخْتَرْنَ	تُخْتَرْنَ	تُخْتَرْنَ	أُخْتِرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُخْتاروا	يُخْتاروا	يُخْتارونَ	أُخْتيروا	هم
يُخْتَرْنَ	يُخْتَرْنَ	يُخْتَرْنَ	أُخْتِرْنَ	هنَّ

Form X Hollow Verbs: Active Voice يسْتَعيدُ , إِسْتَعادَ

All Form X hollow verbs will conjugate in the active voice in the same way as as the verb below.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَسْتَعِدْ	أَسْتَعيدَ	أَسْتَعيدُ	إِسْتَعَدْتُ	أنا
إِسْتَعِدْ	تَسْتَعِدْ	تَسْتَعيدَ	تَسْتَعيدُ	إِسْتَعَدْتَ	أنتَ
إِسْتَعيدي	تَسْتَعيدي	تَسْتَعيدي	تَسْتَعيدينَ	إِسْتَعَدْتِ	أنتِ
	يَسْتَعِدْ	يَسْتَعيدَ	يَسْتَعيدُ	إِسْتَعادَ	هو
	تَسْتَعِدْ	تَسْتَعيدَ	تَسْتَعيدُ	إِسْتَعادَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِسْتَعيدا	تَسْتَعيدا	تَسْتَعيدا	تَسْتَعيدانِ	إِسْتَعَدْتُما	أنتُما
	يَسْتَعيدا	يَسْتَعيدا	يَسْتَعيدانِ	إِسْتَعادا	هما (m)
	تَسْتَعيدا	تَسْتَعيدا	تَسْتَعيدانِ	إِسْتَعادَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَشْتَعِدْ	نَشْتَعيدَ	نَشْتَعيدُ	إِسْتَعَدْنا	نَحْنَ
إِستَعيدوا	تَسْتَعيدوا	تَسْتَعيدوا	تَسْتَعيدونَ	إِسْتَعَدْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِسْتَعِدْنَ	تَسْتَعِدْنَ	تَسْتَعِدْنَ	تَسْتَعِدْنَ	إِسْتَعَدْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَسْتَعيدوا	يَسْتَعيدوا	يَسْتَعيدونَ	إِسْتَعادوا	هم
	يَسْتَعِدْنَ	يَسْتَعِدْنَ	يَسْتَعِدْنَ	إِسْتَعَدْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُسْتُعيدَ	يُسْتَعادُ	مُسْتَعيد	مُسْتَعيدة	مُسْتَعاد	مُسْتَعادة	إِسْتِعادة

Form X Hollow Verbs: Passive Voice يسْتَعيدُ , إِسْتَعادَ

All Form X hollow verbs in the passive voice will conjugage in the same was as the verb below.

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُسْتَعَدْ	أُسْتَعادَ	أُسْتَعادُ	أُسْتُعِدْتُ	أنا
تُسْتَعَدْ	تُسْتَعادَ	تُسْتَعادُ	أُسْتُعِدْتَ	أنتَ
تُسْتَعادي	تُسْتَعادي	تُسْتَعادينَ	أُسْتُعِدْتِ	أنتِ
يُسْتَعَدْ	يُسْتَعادَ	يُسْتَعادُ	أُسْتُعيدَ	هو
تُسْتَعَدْ	تُسْتَعادَ	تُسْتَعادُ	أُسْتُعيدَتْ	هي
				Dual
تُسْتَعادا	تُسْتَعادا	تُسْتَعادانِ	أُسْتُعِدْتُما	أنتُما
يُسْتَعادا	يُسْتَعادا	يُسْتَعادانِ	أُسْتُعيدا	هما (m)
تُسْتَعادا	تُسْتَعادا	تُسْتَعادانِ	أُسْتُعيدَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُسْتَعَدْ	نُسْتَعادَ	نُسْتَعادُ	أُسْتُعِدْنا	نَحْنَ
تُسْتَعادوا	تُسْتَعادوا	تُسْتَعادونَ	أُسْتُعِدْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُسْتَعَدْنَ	تُسْتَعَدْنَ	تُسْتَعَدْنَ	أُسْتُعِدْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُسْتَعادوا	يُسْتَعادوا	يُسْتَعادونَ	أُسْتُعيدوا	هم
يُسْتَعَدْنَ	يُسْتَعَدْنَ	يُسْتَعَدْنَ	أُسْتُعِدْنَ	هنَّ

Note 1 – Many hollow verbs in this category will have passive participles. If their middle radical is a waaw, then the participle will have the same pattern as مَزور. If the middle radical is a yaa’, then the participle will have the same pattern as مَبيع

Note 2 – Remember, hollow verbs in Form VIII have passive and active participles that are identical. In addition, a Form VII hollow verb will have an active participle of the very same pattern. It will not have a passive participle.

D: Verb Charts – Doubled Verbs

Doubled verbs are problematic in Forms I, IV, VII, VIII and X. Here you will find charts for all of these forms with the exception of Form VII.

One Form I doubled verb is presented in the charts. Other Form I doubled verbs may have different stem vowels in the past or present tenses, otherwise they will be exactly the same. However, most doubled verbs will have the same stem vowels in the past tense and present tense as does the verb in the charts.

You should associate Form IV doubled verbs and Form X doubled verbs. If you can conjugate one Form IV doubled verb, you should be able to conjugate any Form IV doubled verb and any Form X doubled verb.

You should also associate Form VII and Form VIII doubled verbs. Their conjugation patterns in the active voice are exactly the same. So if you can do one Form VIII doubled verb, then you can conjugate any Form VII or VIII doubled verb. Remember too, that Form VII verbs do not exist in the passive.

Form I Doubled Verbs: Active Voice يَرُدُّ , رَدَّ

The verb in the chart below is representative of most Form I doubled verbs. Remember, however, that some Form I doubled verbs have an imperfect stem vowel of kasra, while others might have a fatha. Also, in the perfect, there is a small number of verbs with a stem vowel of kasra.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَرْدُدْ	أَرُدَّ	أَرُدُّ	رَدَدْتُ	أنا
رُدَّ \ أُرْدُدْ	تَرْدُدْ	تَرُدَّ	تَرُدُّ	رَدَدْتَ	أنتَ
رُدّي	تَرُدّي	تَرُدّي	تَرُدّينَ	رَدَدْتِ	أنتِ
	يَرْدُدْ	يَرُدَّ	يَرُدُّ	رَدَّ	هو
	تَرْدُدْ	تَرُدَّ	تَرُدُّ	رَدَّتْ	هي
					Dual
رُدّا	تَرُدّا	تَرُدّا	تَرُدّانِ	رَدَدْتُما	أنتُما
	يَرُدّا	يَرُدّا	يَرُدّانِ	رَدّا	هما (m)
	تَرُدّا	تَرُدّا	تَرُدّانِ	رَدَّتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَرْدُدْ	نَرُدَّ	نَرُدُّ	رَدَدْنا	نَحْنَ
رُدّوا	تَرُدّوا	تَرُدّوا	تَرُدّونَ	رَدَدْتُمْ	أنتُم
أُرْدُدْنَ	تَرْدُدْنَ	تَرْدُدْنَ	تَرْدُدْنَ	رَدَدْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَرُدّوا	يَرُدّوا	يَرُدّونَ	رَدّوا	هم
	يَرْدُدْنَ	يَرْدُدْنَ	يَرْدُدْنَ	رَدَدْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
رُدَّ	يُرَدُّ	رادّ	رادّة	مَرْدود	مَرْدودة	رَدّ

Form I Doubled Verbs: Passive Voice يَرُدُّ , رَدَّ

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُرْدَدْ	أُرَدَّ	أُرَدُّ	رُدِدْتُ	أنا
تُرْدَدْ	تُرَدَّ	تُرَدُّ	رُدِدْتَ	أنتَ
تُرَدّي	تُرَدّي	تُرَدّينَ	رُدِدْتِ	أنتِ
يُرْدَدْ	يُرَدَّ	يُرَدُّ	رُدَّ	هو
تُرْدَدْ	تُرَدَّ	تُرَدُّ	رُدَّتْ	هي
				Dual
تُرَدّا	تُرَدّا	تُرَدّانِ	رُدِدْتُما	أنتُما
يُرَدّا	يُرَدّا	يُرَدّانِ	رُدّا	هما (m)
تُرَدّا	تُرَدّا	تُرَدّانِ	رُدَّتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُرْدَدْ	نُرَدَّ	نُرَدُّ	رُدِدْنا	نَحْنَ
تُرَدّوا	تُرَدّوا	تُرَدّونَ	رُدِدْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُرْدَدْنَ	تُرْدَدْنَ	تُرْدَدْنَ	رُدِدْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُرَدّوا	يُرَدّوا	يُرَدّونَ	رُدّوا	هم
يُرْدَدْنَ	يُرْدَدْنَ	يُرْدَدْنَ	رُدِدْنَ	هنَّ

Form IV Doubled Verbs: Active Voice يُضِرُّ , أَضَرَّ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أُضْرِرْ	أُضِرَّ	أُضِرُّ	أَضْرَرْتُ	أنا
أَضِرَّ \ أَضْرِرْ	تُضْرِرْ	تُضِرَّ	تُضِرُّ	أَضْرَرْتَ	أنتَ
أَضِرّي	تُضِرُّي	تُضِرُّي	تُضِرُّينَ	أَضْرَرْتِ	أنتِ
	يُضْرِرْ	يُضِرَّ	يُضِرُّ	أَضَرَّ	هو
	تُضْرِرْ	تُضِرَّ	تُضِرُّ	أَضَرَّتْ	هي
					Dual
أَضِرّا	تُضِرّا	تُضِرّا	تُضِرّانِ	أَضْرَرْتُما	أنتُما
	يُضِرّا	يُضِرّا	يُضِرّانِ	أَضَرّا	هما (m)
	تُضِرّا	تُضِرّا	تُضِرّانِ	اَضَرَّتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نُضْرِرْ	نُضِرَّ	نُضِرُّ	أَضْرَرْنا	نَحْنَ
أَضِرّوا	تُضِرّوا	تُضِرّوا	تُضِرّونَ	أَضْرَرْتُمْ	أنتُم
أَضْرِرْنَ	تُضْرِرْنَ	تُضْرِرْنَ	تُضْرِرْنَ	أَضْرَرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يُضِرّوا	يُضِرّوا	يُضِرّونَ	أَضْرّوا	هم
	يُضْرِرْنَ	يُضْرِرْنَ	يُضْرِرْنَ	أَضْرَرْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُضِرَّ	يُضَرُّ	مُضِرّ	مُضِرّة	مُضَرّ	مُضَرّة	إِضْرار

Form IV Doubled Verbs: Passive Voice يُضِرُّ , أَضَرَّ

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُضْرَرْ	أُضَرَّ	أُضَرُّ	أُضْرِرْتُ	أنا
تُضْرَرْ	تُضَرَّ	تُضَرُّ	أُضْرِرْتَ	أنتَ
تُضَرّي	تُضَرّي	تُضَرّينَ	أُضْرِرْتِ	أنتِ
يُضْرَرْ	يُضَرَّ	يُضَرُّ	أُضِرَّ	هو
تُضْرَرْ	تُضَرَّ	تُضَرُّ	أُضِرَّتْ	هي
				Dual
تُضَرّا	تُضَرّا	تُضَرّانِ	أُضْرِرْتُما	أنتُما
يُضَرّا	يُضَرّا	يُضَرّانِ	أُضِرّا	هما (m)
تُضَرّا	تُضَرّا	تُضَرّانِ	أُضِرَّتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُضْرَرْ	نُضَرَّ	نُضَرُّ	أُضْرِرْنا	نَحْنَ
تُضَرّوا	تُضَرّوا	تُضَرّونَ	أُضْرِرْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُضَرَرْنَ	تُضَرَرْنَ	تُضَرَرْنَ	أُضْرِرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُضَرّوا	يُضَرّوا	يُضَرّونَ	أُضْرّوا	هم
يُضَرَرْنَ	يُضَرَرْنَ	يُضَرَرْنَ	أُضْرِرْنَ	هنَّ

Form VIII Doubled Verbs: Active Voice يَضْطَرُّ , إِضْطَرَّ

(This particular verb has an infixed ط instead of a ت because of the presence of the ض which is part of the root. Otherwise, this verb is exactly the same as any Form VIII doubled verb.)

Form VII Doubled Verbs will conjugate the same as the Form VIII doubled verb below. Remember that there is no passive voice for Form VII.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَضْطَرِرْ	أَضْطَرَّ	أَضْطَرُّ	إِضْطَرَرْتُ	أنا
إِضْطَرَّ \ إِضْطَرِرْ	تَضْطَرِرْ	تَضْطَرَّ	تَضْطَرُّ	إِضْطَرَرْتَ	أنتَ
إِضْطَرّي	تَضْطَرّي	تَضْطَرّي	تَضْطَرّينَ	إِضْطَرَرْتِ	أنتِ
	يَضْطَرِرْ	يَضْطَرَّ	يَضْطَرُّ	إِضْطَرَّ	هو
	تَضْطَرِرْ	تَضْطَرَّ	تَضْطَرُّ	إِضْطَرَّتْ	هي
					Dual
إِضْطَرّا	تَضْطَرّا	تَضْطَرّا	تَضْطَرّانِ	إِضْطَرَرْتُما	أنتُما
	يَضْطَرّا	يَضْطَرّا	يَضْطَرّانِ	إِضْطَرّا	هما (m)
	تَضْطَرّا	تَضْطَرّا	تَضْطَرّانِ	إِضْطَرَّتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَضْطَرِرْ	نَضْطَرَّ	نَضْطَرُّ	إِضْطَرَرْنا	نَحْنَ
إِضْطَرّوا	تَضْطَرّوا	تَضْطَرّوا	تَضْطَرّونَ	إِضْطَرَرْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِضْطَرِرْنَ	تَضْطَرِرْنَ	تَضْطَرِرْنَ	تَضْطَرِرْنَ	إِضْطَرَرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَضْطَرّوا	يَضْطَرّوا	يَضْطَرّونَ	إِضْطَرّوا	هم
	يَضْطَرِرْنَ	يَضْطَرِرْنَ	يَضْطَرِرْنَ	إِضْطَرَرْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُضْطُرَّ	يُضْطَرُّ	مُضْطَرّ (see note 1 below)	مُضْطَرّة	مُضْطَرّ	مُضْطَرَة	إِضْطِرار

Form VIII Doubled Verbs: Passive Voice يَضْطَرُّ , إِضْطَرَّ

(Remember that from VII verbs do not have a passive voice.)

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُضْطَرَرْ	أُضْطَرَّ	أُضْطَرُّ	أُضْطُرِرْتُ	أنا
تُضْطَرَرْ	تُضْطَرَّ	تُضْطَرُّ	أُضْطُرِرْتَ	أنتَ
تُضْطَرّي	تُضْطَرّي	تُضْطَرّينَ	أُضْطُرِرْتِ	أنتِ
يُضْطَرَرْ	يُضْطَرَّ	يُضْطَرُّ	أُضْطُرَّ	هو
تُضْطَرَرْ	تُضْطَرَّ	تُضْطَرُّ	أُضْطُرَّتْ	هي
				Dual
تُضْطَرّا	تُضْطَرّا	تُضْطَرّانِ	أُضْطُرِرْتُما	أنتُما
يُضْطَرّا	يُضْطَرّا	يُضْطَرّانِ	أُضْطُرّا	هما (m)
تُضْطَرّا	تُضْطَرّا	تُضْطَرّانِ	أُضْطُرَّتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُضْطَرَرْ	نُضْطَرَّ	نُضْطَرُّ	أُضْطُرِرْنا	نَحْنَ
تُضْطَرّوا	تُضْطَرّوا	تُضْطَرّونَ	أُضْطُرِرْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُضْطَرَرْنَ	تُضْطَرَرْنَ	تُضْطَرَرْنَ	أُضْطُرِرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُضْطَرّونَ	يُضْطَرّونَ	يُضْطَرّونَ	أُضْطُرّوا	هم
يُضْطَرَرْنَ	يُضْطَرَرْنَ	يُضْطَرَرْنَ	أُضْطُرِرْنَ	هنَّ

Form IV Doubled Verbs: Active Voice يُسْتَحِبُّ , إِسْتَحَبَّ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَسْتَحْبِبْ	أَسْتَحِبَّ	أَسْتَحِبُّ	إِسْتَحْبَبْتُ	أنا
إِسْتَحِبْ \ إِسْتَحْبِبْ	تَسْتَحْبِبْ	تَسْتَحِبَّ	تَسْتَحِبُّ	إِسْتَحْبَبْتَ	أنتَ
إِسْتَحِبّي	تَسْتَحِبّي	تَسْتَحِبّي	تَسْتَحِبّينَ	إِسْتَحْبَبْتِ	أنتِ
	يَسْتَحْبِبْ	يَسْتَحِبَّ	يَسْتَحِبُّ	إِسْتَحْبَّ	هو
	تَسْتَحْبِبْ	تَسْتَحِبَّ	تَسْتَحِبُّ	إِسْتَحْبَّتْ	هي
					Dual
إِسْتَحِبّا	تَسْتَحِبّا	تَسْتَحِبّا	تَسْتَحِبّانِ	إِسْتَحْبَبْتُما	أنتُما
	يَسْتَحِبّا	يَسْتَحِبّا	يَسْتَحِبّانِ	إِسْتَحَبّا	هما (m)
	تَسْتَحِبّا	تَسْتَحِبّا	تَسْتَحِبّانِ	إِسْتَحَبَّتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَسْتَحْبِبْ	نَسْتَحِبَّ	نَسْتَحِبُّ	إِسْتَحْبَبْنا	نَحْنَ
إِسْتَحِبّوا	تَسْتَحِبّوا	تَسْتَحِبّوا	تَسْتَحِبّونَ	إِسْتَحْبَبْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِسْتَحْبِبْنَ	تَسْتَحْبِبْنَ	تَسْتَحْبِبْنَ	تَسْتَحْبِبْنَ	إِسْتَحْبَبْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَسْتَحِبّوا	يَسْتَحِبّوا	يَسْتَحِبّونَ	إِسْتَحَبّوا	هم
	يَسْتَحْبِبْنَ	يَسْتَحْبِبْنَ	يَسْتَحْبِبْنَ	إِسْتَحْبَبْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُسْتُحِبَّ	يُسْتَحَبُّ	مُسْتَحِبّ	مُسْتَحِبّة	مُسْتَحَبّ	مُسْتَحَبّة	إِسْتِحْباب

Form X Doubled Verbs: Passive Voice يُسْتَحِبُّ , إِسْتَحَبَّ

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُسْتَحْبَبْ	أُسْتَحَبَّ	أُسْتَحَبُّ	أُسْتُحْبِبْتُ	أنا
تُسْتَحْبَبْ	تُسْتَحَبَّ	تُسْتَحَبُّ	أُسْتُحْبِبْتَ	أنتَ
تُسْتَحْبّي	تُسْتَحَبّي	تُسْتَحَبّينَ	أُسْتُحْبِبْتِ	أنتِ
يُسْتَحْبَبْ	يُسْتَحَبَّ	يُسْتَحَبُّ	أُسْتُحِبَّ	هو
تُسْتَحْبَبْ	تُسْتَحَبَّ	تُسْتَحَبُّ	أُسْتُحِبَّتْ	هي
				Dual
تُسْتَحَبّا	تُسْتَحَبّا	تُسْتَحَبّانِ	أُسْتُحْبِبْتُما	أنتُما
يُسْتَحَبّا	يُسْتَحَبّا	يُسْتَحَبّانِ	أُسْتُحِبّا	هما (m)
تُسْتَحَبّا	تُسْتَحَبّا	تُسْتَحَبّانِ	أُسْتُحِبّتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُسْتَحْبَبْ	نُسْتَحَبَّ	نُسْتَحَبُّ	أُسْتُحْبِبْنا	نَحْنَ
تُسْتَحَبّوا	تُسْتَحَبّوا	تُسْتَحَبّونَ	أُسْتُحْبِبْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُسْتَحْبَبْنَ	تُسْتَحْبَبْنَ	تُسْتَحْبَبْنَ	أُسْتُحْبِبْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُسْتَحَبّوا	يُسْتَحَبّوا	يُسْتَحَبّونَ	أُسْتُحْبّوا	هم
يُسْتَحْبَبْنَ	يُسْتَحْبَبْنَ	يُسْتَحْبَبْنَ	أُسْتُحْبِبْنَ	هنَّ

Note 1 – Remember that Form VIII doubled verbs have active and passive participles which look alike. Form VII doubled verbs will have active participles of the same pattern as Form VIII. However, Form VII verbs will not have a passive participle.

C: Verb Charts – Defective Verbs

On the following pages you will find verb charts for defective verbs in Forms I-VIII and X. Four different categories of Form I defectives are presented (there is actually a fifth category, but you will probably never see it) in the active voice. They are followed by a representative Form I defective verb in the passive. The passive chart for Form I can be used as a model for the passive conjugations of all defective verbs, regardless of form.

Because defective verbs are so problematic, one example of each of the derived defective forms is then presented. Nonetheless, the student should associate defectives in Forms II, III, and IV together, Forms V and VI together, and Forms VII, VIII, and X together.

Forms II, III, and IV all conjugate the way the Form I verb يَجْري , جرى does in both tenses. In addition, in the imperfect, they all have a prefix vowel of dhamma, and a stem vowel of kasra. If you can conjugate one Form II defective verb correctly, you should be able to conjugate any Form II, III, or IV defective verb.

Forms V and VI conjugate the way جرى does in the past, but in the present, they conjugate like the verb يَنْسى , نَسِيَ In the imperfect they all have a prefix vowel of fatha and a stem vowel of fatha. If you can conjugate one Form V defective verb correctly, you should be able to conjugate any Form V or Form VI defective verb.

Forms VII. VIII, and X conjugate in both tenses in the same way as يَجْري , جرى .In addition, in the imperfect, they all have a prefix vowel of fatha and a stem vowel of kasra. If you can conjugate one Form VIII defective verb correctly, you should be able to conjugate any Form VII, VIII, or X defective verb.

Form I Defective Verbs: Final Radical Waaw Active Voice يَشْكو , شكا

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَشْكُ	أَشْكُوَ	أَشْكو	شَكَوْتُ	أنا
أُشْكُ	تَشْكُ	تَشْكُوَ	تَشْكو	شَكَوْتَ	أنتَ
أُشْكي	تَشْكي	تَشْكي	تَشْكينَ	شَكَوْتِ	أنتِ
	يَشْكُ	يَشْكُوَ	يَشْكو	شَكا	هو
	تَشْكُ	تَشْكُوَ	تَشْكو	شَكَتْ	هي
					Dual
أُشْكُوا	تَشْكوَا	تَشْكوَا	تَشْكوانِ	شَكَوْتُما	أنتُما
	يَشْكوَا	يَشْكوَا	يَشْكوانِ	شَكَوَا	هما (m)
	تَشْكوَا	تَشْكوَا	تَشْكوانِ	شَكَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَشْكُ	نَشْكُوَ	نَشْكو	شَكَوْنا	نَحْنَ
أُشْكُوا	تَشْكوا	تَشْكوا	تَشْكونَ	شَكَوْتُمْ	أنتُم
أُشْكُونَ	تَشْكونَ	تَشْكونَ	تَشْكونَ	شَكَوْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَشْكوا	يَشْكوا	يَشْكونَ	شَكَوْا	هم
	يَشْكونَ	يَشْكونَ	يَشْكونَ	شَكَوْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
شُكِيَ	يُشْكى	شاكٍ	شاكِية	مَشْكُوٌّ	مَشْكُوَّة	شَكْو ، شَكوى (see note 1 below)

Form I Defective Verbs: Final Radical Yaa’ Active Voice يَبْكي , بَكى

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَبْكِ	أَبْكِيَ	أَبْكي	بَكَيْتُ	أنا
إِبْكِ	تَبْكِ	تَبْكِيَ	تَبْكي	بَكَيْتَ	أنتَ
إِبْكي	تَبْكي	تَبْكي	تَبْكينَ	بَكَيْتِ	أنتِ
	يَبْكِ	يَبْكِيَ	يَبْكي	بَكى	هو
	تَبْكِ	تَبْكِيَ	تَبْكي	بَكَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِبْكِيا	تَبْكيا	تَبْكيا	تَبْكيانِ	بَكيتُما	أنتُما
	يَبْكيا	يَبْكيا	يَبْكيانِ	بَكيا	هما (m)
	تَبْكيا	تَبْكيا	تَبْكيانِ	بَكَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَبْكِ	نَبْكِيَ	نَبْكي	بَكَيْنا	نَحْنَ
إبْكوا	تَبْكوا	تَبْكوا	تَبْكونَ	بَكَيْتُمْ	أنتُم
إبْكينَ	تَبْكينَ	تَبْكينَ	تَبْكينَ	بَكَيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَبْكوا	يَبْكوا	يَبْكونَ	بَكَوْا	هم
	يَبْكينَ	يَبْكينَ	يَبْكينَ	بَكَوْنّ	هنَّ

Passive Past

Passive Present

Active Participle Masculine

Active Participle Feminine

Passive Participle Masculine

Passive Participle Feminine

Verbal Nou

None (see note 2

below)

None

باكٍ

باكِي

None (see note 3 below)

None

بُكاء

Form I Defective Verbs: Schizophrenic Active Voice يَنْسى , نَسِيَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَنْسَ	أَنْسى	أَنْسى	نَسيتُ	أنا
إنْسَ	تَنْسَ	تَنْسى	تَنْسى	نَسيتَ	أنتَ
إنْسَيْ	تَنْسيْ	تَنْسيْ	تَنْسينَ	نَسيتِ	أنتِ
	يَنْسَ	يَنْسى	يَنْسى	نَسيَ	هو
	تَنْسَ	تَنْسى	تَنْسى	نَسيَتْ	هي
					Dual
إنْسَيا	تَنْسَيا	تَنْسَيا	تَنْسَيانِ	نَسيتُما	أنتُما
	يَنْسَيا	يَنْسَيا	يَنْسَيانِ	نَسِيا	هما (m)
	تَنْسَيا	تَنْسَيا	تَنْسَيانِ	نَسِيَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَنْسَ	نَنْسى	نَنْسى	نَسينا	نَحْنَ
إنْسَوْا	تَنْسَوْا	تَنْسَوْا	تَنْسَوْنَ	نَسيتُمْ	أنتُم
إنْسَيْنَ	تَنْسَيْنَ	تَنْسَيْنَ	تَنْسَيْنَ	نَسيتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَنْسَوْا	يَنْسَوْا	يَنْسَوْنَ	نَسوا	هم
	يَنْسَيْنَ	يَنْسَيْنَ	يَنْسَيْنَ	نَسينَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
نُسِيَ	يُنْسى	ناسٍ	ناسِية	مَنْسِيّ	مَنْسِيّة	نِسْيان

Form I Defective Verbs: Active Voice يَسْعى , سعى

(This is a fourth category of defective verbs referred to on page 91.)

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَسْعَ	أَسْعى	أَسْعى	سَعَيْتُ	أنا
إِسْعَ	تَسْعَ	تَسْعى	تَسْعى	سَعَيْتَ	أنتَ
إِسْعَيْ	تَسْعيْ	تَسْعيْ	تَسْعينَ	سَعَيْتِ	أنتِ
	يَسْعَ	يَسْعى	يَسْعى	سَعى	هو
	تَسْعَ	تَسْعى	تَسْعى	سَعَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِسْعَيا	تَسْعيا	تَسْعيا	تَسْعيانِ	سَعَيْتُما	أنتُما
	يَسْعيا	يَسْعيا	يَسْعيانِ	سَعَيا	هما (m)
	تَسْعيا	تَسْعيا	تَسْعيانِ	سَعَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَسْعَ	نَسْعى	نَسْعى	سَعَيْنا	نَحْنَ
إِسْعَوْا	تَسْعَوْا	تَسْعَوْا	تَسْعَوْنَ	سَعَيْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِسْعَيْنَ	تَسْعَيْنَ	تَسْعَيْنَ	تَسْعَيْنَ	سَعَيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَسْعَوْا	يَسْعَوْا	يَسْعَوْنَ	سَعَوْا	هم
	يَسْعَيْنَ	يَسْعَيْنَ	يَسْعَيْنَ	سَعَيْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
سُعِيَ	يُسْعى	ساعٍ	ساعِية	None	None	سَعْي

Form I Defective Verbs: All Types Passive Voice يَنْسى , نَسِيَ

All Form I defective verbs in the passive voice will conjugate in the same way as the verb below.

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُنْسَ	أُنْسى	أُنْسى	نُسِيتُ	أنا
تُنْسَ	تُنْسى	تُنْسى	نُسِيتَ	أنتَ
تُنْسَيْ	تُنْسَيْ	تُنْسَيْنَ	نُسِيتِ	أنتِ
يُنْسَ	يُنْسى	يُنْسى	نُسِيَ	هو
تُنْسَ	تُنْسى	تُنْسى	نُسِيَتْ	هي
				Dual
تُنْسَيا	تُنْسَيا	تُنْسَيانِ	نُسِيتُما	أنتُما
يُنْسَيا	يُنْسَيا	يُنْسَيانِ	نُسِيا	هما (m)
تُنْسَيا	تُنْسَيا	تُنْسَيانِ	نُسِيَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُنْسَ	نُنْسى	نُنْسى	نُسِينا	نَحْنَ
تُنْسَوْا	تُنْسَوْا	تُنْسَوْنَ	نُسِيتُمْ	أنتُم
تُنْسَيْنَ	تُنْسَيْنَ	تُنْسَيْنَ	نُسِيتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُنْسَوْا	يُنْسَوْا	يُنْسَوْنَ	نُسوا	هم
يُنْسَوْنَ	يُنْسَوْنَ	يُنْسَوْنَ	نُسِينَ	هنَّ

Form II Defective Verbs: Active Voice يُسَمّي , سَمّى

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أُسَمِّ	أُسَمِّيَ	أُسَمّي	سَمَّيْتُ	أنا
سَمِّ	تُسَمِّ	تُسَمِّيَ	تُسَمّي	سَمَّيْتَ	أنتَ
سَمّي	تُسَمّي	تُسَمّي	تُسَمّينَ	سَمَّيْتِ	أنتِ
	يُسَمِّ	يُسَمِّيَ	يُسَمّي	سَمّى	هو
	تُسَمِّ	تُسَمِّيَ	تُسَمّي	سَمَّتْ	هي
					Dual
سَمِّيا	تُسَمّيا	تُسَمّيا	تُسَمّيانِ	سَمَّيْتُما	أنتُما
	يُسَمّيا	يُسَمّيا	يُسَمّيانِ	سَمَّيا	هما (m)
	تُسَمّيا	تُسَمّيا	تُسَمّيانِ	سّمَّتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نُسَمِّ	نُسَمّيَ	نُسَمّي	سَمَّيْنا	نَحْنَ
سَمّوا	تُسَمّوا	تُسَمّوا	تُسَمّونَ	سَمَّيْتُمْ	أنتُم
سَمّينَ	تُسَمّينَ	تُسَمّينَ	تُسَمّينَ	سَمَّيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يُسَمّوا	يُسَمّوا	يُسَمّونَ	سَمَّوْا	هم
	يُسَمّينَ	يُسَمّينَ	يُسَمّينَ	سَمَّيْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
سُمِّيَ	يُسَمّى	مُسَمٍّ	مُسَمِّية	مُسَمّيً	مُسَمّاة	تَسْمِية

Form III Defective Verbs: Active Voice نادى , يُنادي

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أُنادِ	أُناديَ	أُنادي	نادَيْتُ	أنا
نادِ	تُنادِ	تُناديَ	تُنادي	نادَيْتَ	أنتَ
نادي	تُنادي	تُنادي	تُنادينَ	نادَيْتِ	أنتِ
	يُنادِ	يُناديَ	يُنادي	نادى	هو
	تُنادِ	تُناديَ	تُنادي	نادَتْ	هي
					Dual
نادِيا	تُنادِيا	تُنادِيا	تُنادِيانِ	نادَيْتُما	أنتُما
	يُنادِيا	يُنادِيا	يُنادِيانِ	نادَيا	هما (m)
	تُنادِيا	تُنادِيا	تُنادِيانِ	نادَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نُنادِ	نُنادِيَ	نُنادي	نادَيْنا	نَحْنَ
نادوا	تَنادوا	تَنادوا	تَنادونَ	نادَيْتُمْ	أنتُم
نادينَ	تَنادينَ	تَنادينَ	تَنادينَ	نادَيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يُنادوا	يُنادوا	يُنادونَ	نادَوْا	هم
	يُنادينَ	يُنادينَ	يُنادينَ	نادَيْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
نودِيَ	يُنادى	مُنادٍ	مُنادِية	مُنادىً	مُناداة	مُناداة

Form IV Defective Verbs: Active Voice يُجْري , أَجْرى

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أُجْرِ	أُجْريَ	أُجْري	أَجْريْتُ	أنا
أَجْرِ	تُجْرِ	تُجْريَ	تُجْري	أَجْريْتَ	أنتَ
أَجْري	تُجْري	تُجْري	تُجْرينَ	أَجْريْتِ	أنتِ
	يُجْرِ	يُجْريَ	يُجْري	أَجْرى	هو
	تُجْرِ	تُجْريَ	تُجْري	أَجْرَتْ	هي
					Dual
أَجْرِيا	تُجْرِيا	تُجْرِيا	تُجْرِيانِ	أَجْريْتُما	أنتُما
	يُجْرِيا	يُجْرِيا	يُجْرِيانِ	أَجْرَيا	هما (m)
	تُجْرِيا	تُجْرِيا	تُجْرِيانِ	أَجْرَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نُجْرِ	نُجْريَ	نُجْري	أَجْريْنا	نَحْنَ
أَجْروا	تُجْروا	تُجْروا	تُجْرونَ	أَجْريْتُمْ	أنتُم
أَجْرينَ	تُجْرينَ	تُجْرينَ	تُجْرينَ	أَجْريْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يُجْروا	يُجْروا	يُجْرونَ	أَجْرَوْا	هم
	يُجْرينَ	يُجْرينَ	يُجْرينَ	أَجْرَيْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أَجْريَ	يُجْرى	مُجْرٍ	مُجْرِية	مُجْرىً	مُجْراة	إِجراء

Form V Defective Verbs: Active Voice يَتَحَدّى , تَحَدّى

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَتَحَدَّ	أَتَحَدّى	أَتَحَدّى	تَحَدَّيْتُ	أنا
تَحَدَّ	تَتَحَدَّ	تَتَحَدّى	تَتَحَدّى	تَحَدَّيْتَ	أنتَ
تَحَدَّيْ	تَتَحَدّيْ	تَتَحَدّيْ	تَتَحَدّيْنَ	تَحَدَّيْتِ	أنتِ
	يَتَحَدَّ	يَتَحَدّى	يَتَحَدّى	تَحَدَّى	هو
	تَتَحَدَّ	تَتَحَدّى	تَتَحَدّى	تَحَدَّتْ	هي
					Dual
تَحَدَّيا	تَتَحَدَّيا	تَتَحَدَّيا	تَتَحَدَّيانِ	تَحَدَّيْتُما	أنتُما
	يَتَحَدَّيا	يَتَحَدَّيا	يَتَحَدَّيانِ	تَحَدَّيا	هما (m)
	تَتَحَدَّيا	تَتَحَدَّيا	تَتَحَدَّيانِ	تَحَدَّتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَتَحَدّ	نَتَحَدّى	نَتَحَدّى	تَحَدَّيْنا	نَحْنَ
تَحَدَّوا	تَتَحَدَّوْا	تَتَحَدَّوْا	تَتَحَدَّوْنَ	تَحَدَّيْتُمْ	أنتُم
تَحَدَّيْنَ	تَتَحَدَّيْنَ	تَتَحَدَّيْنَ	تَتَحَدَّيْنَ	تَحَدَّيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَتَحَدَّوْا	يَتَحَدَّوْا	يَتَحَدَّوْنَ	تَحَدَّوْا	هم
	يَتَحَدَّيْنَ	يَتَحَدَّيْنَ	يَتَحَدَّيْنَ	تَحَدَّيْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
تُحُدِّيَ	يُتَحَدّى	مُتَحَدٍّ	مُتَحَدِّية	مُتَحَدّىً	مُتَحَداة	تَحَدٍّ

Form VI Defective Verbs: Active Voice يَتَقاضى , تَقاضى

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَتَقاضىَ	أَتَقاضى	أَتَقاضى	تَقاضَيْتُ	أنا
تَقاضَ	تَتَقاضىَ	تَتَقاضى	تَتَقاضى	تَقاضَيْتَ	أنتَ
تَقاضَيْ	تَتَقاضيْ	تَتَقاضيْ	تَتَقاضينَ	تَقاضَيْتِ	أنتِ
	يَتَقاضىَ	يَتَقاضى	يَتَقاضى	تَقاضى	هو
	تَتَقاضىَ	تَتَقاضى	تَتَقاضى	تَقاضَتْ	هي
					Dual
تَقاضَيا	تَتَقاضَيا	تَتَقاضَيا	تَتَقاضَيانِ	تَقاضَيْتُما	أنتُما
	يَتَقاضَيا	يَتَقاضَيا	يَتَقاضَيانِ	تَقاضَيا	هما (m)
	تَتَقاضَيا	تَتَقاضَيا	تَتَقاضَيانِ	تَقاضَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَتَقاضَ	نَتَقاضى	نَتَقاضى	تَقاضَيْنا	نَحْنَ
تَقاضَوْا	تَتَقاضَوْا	تَتَقاضَوْا	تَتَقاضَوْنَ	تَقاضَيْتُمْ	أنتُم
تَقاضَيْنَ	تَتَقاضَيْنَ	تَتَقاضَيْنَ	تَتَقاضَيْنَ	تَقاضَيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَتَقاضَوْا	يَتَقاضَوْا	يَتَقاضَوْنَ	تَقاضَيوْا	هم
	يَتَقاضَيْنَ	يَتَقاضَيْنَ	يَتَقاضَيْنَ	تَقاضَيْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
تُقوضِيَ	يُتَقاضى	مُتَقاضٍ	مُتَقاضِية	مُتَقاضىً	مُتَقاضاة	تَقاضٍ

Form VII Defective Verbs: Active Voice يَنْقضي , إنْقَضى

(Most Form VII defective verbs are usually only conjugated for the third person masculine or feminine singular. In addition, there is no passsive in Form VII)

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
يَنْقَضِ	يَنْقَضِيَ	يَنْقَضي	إنْقضى	هو
تَنْقَضِ	تَنْقَضِيَ	تَنْقَضي	إِنْقَضَت	هي

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
None	None	مُنْقَضٍ	مُنْقَضِية	None	None	إنْقِضاء

Form VIII Defective Verbs: Active Voice يَبْتَلي , إبْتَلى

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَبْتَلِ	أَبْتَليَ	أَبْتَلي	إِبْتَلَيْتُ	أنا
إِبْتَلِ	تَبْتَلِ	تَبْتَليَ	تَبْتَلي	إِبْتَلَيْتَ	أنتَ
إِبْتَلي	تَبْتَلي	تَبْتَلي	تَبْتَلينَ	إِبْتَلَيْتِ	أنتِ
	يَبْتَلِ	يَبْتَليَ	يَبْتَلي	إِبْتَلَى	هو
	تَبْتَلِ	تَبْتَليَ	تَبْتَلي	إِبْتَلَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِبْتَليا	تَبْتَليا	تَبْتَليا	تَبْتَليانِ	إِبْتَلَيْتُما	أنتُما
	يَبْتَليا	يَبْتَليا	يَبْتَليانِ	إِبْتَلَيا	هما (m)
	تَبْتَليا	تَبْتَليا	تَبْتَليانِ	إِبْتَلَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَبْتَلِ	نَبْتَليَ	نَبْتَلي	إِبْتَلَيْنا	نَحْنَ
إِبْتَلوا	تَبْتَلوا	تَبْتَلوا	تَبْتَلونَ	إِبْتَلَيْتُمْ	أنتُم
إبْتَلينَ	تَبْتَلينَ	تَبْتَلينَ	تَبْتَلينَ	إِبْتَلَيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَبْتَلوا	يَبْتَلوا	يَبْتَلونَ	إِبْتَلَوْا	هم
	يَبْتَلينَ	يَبْتَلينَ	يَبْتَلينَ	إِبْتَلَيْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past

Passive Present

Active Participle Masculine

Active

Participle Feminine

Passive Participle Masculine

Passive Participle Feminine

Verbal Noun

أُبْتُلِيَ

يُبْتَلى

مُبْتَلٍ

مُبْتَلية

مُبْتَلىً

مُبْتَلاة

إِبْتلاء

Form X Defective Verbs: Active Voice يَسْتَدْعي , إِسْتَدْعى

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَسْتَدْعِ	أَسْتَدْعِيَ	أَسْتَدْعي	إِسْتَدْعَيْتُ	أنا
إِسْتَدْعِ	تَسْتَدْعِ	تَسْتَدْعِيَ	تَسْتَدْعي	إِسْتَدْعَيْتَ	أنتَ
إِسْتَدْعي	تَسْتَدْعي	تَسْتَدْعي	تَسْتَدْعينَ	إِسْتَدْعَيْتِ	أنتِ
	يَسْتَدْعِ	يَسْتَدْعِيَ	يَسْتَدْعي	إِسْتَدْعَى	هو
	تَسْتَدْعِ	تَسْتَدْعِيَ	تَسْتَدْعي	إِسْتَدْعَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِسْتَدْعِيا	تَسْتَدْعيا	تَسْتَدْعيا	تَسْتَدْعيانِ	إِسْتَدْعَيْتُما	أنتُما
	يَسْتَدْعيا	يَسْتَدْعيا	يَسْتَدْعيانِ	إِسْتَدْعَيا	هما (m)
	تَسْتَدْعيا	تَسْتَدْعيا	تَسْتَدْعيانِ	إِسْتَدْعَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَسْتَدْعِ	نَسْتَدْعِيَ	نَسْتَدْعي	إِسْتَدْعَيْنا	نَحْنَ
إِسْتَدْعوا	تَسْتَدْعوا	تَسْتَدْعوا	تَسْتَدْعونَ	إِسْتَدْعَيْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِسْتَدْعينَ	تَسْتَدْعينَ	تَسْتَدْعينَ	تَسْتَدْعينَ	إِسْتَدْعَيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَسْتَدْعوا	يَسْتَدْعوا	يَسْتَدْعونَ	إِسْتَدْعَوْا	هم
	يَسْتَدْعينَ	يَسْتَدْعينَ	يَسْتَدْعينَ	إِسْتَدْعَيْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُسْتُدْعِيَ	يُسْتَدْعى	مُسْتَدْعٍ	مُسْتَدْعِية	مُسْتَدْعىً	مُسْتَدْعاة	إِسْتِدْعاء

Note 1 – This verb has several verbal nouns.

Note 2 – This verb has no passive. However, the pattern for all Form I defective verbs is exactly the same. The pattern is شُكِيَ in the past and يُشْكى in the present.

Note 3 – This verb has no passive participle. The passive participle for this type of defective ar of the following pattern: Masculine مَبْنِيّ Feminine مَبْنِيّة This is same pattern as that for the third category of defective verbs.

B: Verb Charts – Assimilated Verbs

Assimilated verbs are problematic primarily in Form I. However, you should also keep in mind that Form IV assimilated verbs in the present passive look exactly the same as Form I assimilated verbs in the present passive.

In addition, keep in mind that the verbal nouns of Form IV and Form X assimilated verbs transform the waaw of the root into a yaa’.

In Form VIII, the waaw of the root is assimilated into the infixed ت which is then written with a shadda. Otherwise, Form VIII assimilated verbs are regular.

In the charts below you will find conjugations for Forms I, IV, VIII, and X. Also, since assimilated verbs can also be defective, I have included a chart for Form I assimilated-defective verbs. Be aware that this type of verb can occur in other forms as well.

Form I Assimilated Verbs: Active Voice يَعِدُ , وَعَدَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَعِدْ	أَعِدَ	أَعِدُ	وَعَدْتُ	أنا
عِدْ	تَعِدْ	تَعِدَ	تَعِدُ	وَعَدْتَ	أنتَ
عِدي	تَعِدي	تَعِدي	تَعِدينَ	وَعَدْتِ	أنتِ
	يَعِدْ	يَعِدَ	يَعِدُ	وَعَدَ	هو
	تَعِدْ	تَعِدَ	تَعِدُ	وَعَدَتْ	هي
					Dual
عِدا	تَعِدا	تَعِدا	تَعِدانِ	وَعَدْتُما	أنتُما
	يَعِدا	يَعِدا	يَعِدانِ	وَعَدا	هما (m)
	تَعِدا	تَعِدا	تَعِدانِ	وَعَدَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَعِدْ	نَعِدَ	نَعِدُ	وَعَدْنا	نَحْنَ
عِدوا	تَعِدوا	تَعِدوا	تَعِدونَ	وَعَدْتُمْ	أنتُم
عِدْنَ	تَعِدْنَ	تَعِدْنَ	تَعِدْنَ	وَعَدْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَعِدوا	يَعِدوا	يَعِدونَ	وَعَدوا	هم
	يَعِدْنَ	يَعِدْنَ	يَعِدْنَ	وَعَدْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
وُعِدَ	يُوعَدُ	واعِد	واعِدة	مَوْعود	مَوْعودة	وَعْد

Form I Assimilated Verbs: Passive Voice يَعِدُ , وَعَدَ

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُوعَدْ	أُوعَدَ	أُوعَدُ	وُعِدْتُ	أنا
تُوعَدْ	تُوعَدَ	تُوعَدُ	وُعِدْتَ	أنتَ
تُوعَدي	تُوعَدي	تُوعَدينَ	وُعِدْتِ	أنتِ
يُوعَدْ	يُوعَدَ	يُوعَدُ	وُعِدَ	هو
تُوعَدْ	تُوعَدَ	تُوعَدُ	وُعِدَتْ	هي
				Dual
تُوعَدا	تُوعَدا	تُوعَدانِ	وُعِدْتُما	أنتُما
يُوعَدا	يُوعَدا	يُوعَدانِ	وُعِدا	هما (m)
تُوعَدا	تُوعَدا	تُوعَدانِ	وُعِدَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُوعَدْ	نُوعَدَ	نُوعَدُ	وُعِدْنا	نَحْنَ
تُوعَدوا	تُوعَدوا	تُوعَدونَ	وُعِدْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُوعَدْنَ	تُوعَدْنَ	تُوعَدْنَ	وُعِدْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُوعَدوا	يُوعَدوا	يُوعَدونَ	وُعِدوا	هم
يُوعَدْنَ	يُوعَدْنَ	يُوعَدْنَ	وُعِدْنَ	هنَّ

Form IV Assimilated Verbs: Active Voice يوضِحُ , أَوْضَحَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أُوضِحْ	أُوضِحَ	أُوضِحُ	أَوْضَحْتُ	أنا
أَوضِحْ	تُوضِحْ	تُوضِحَ	تُوضِحُ	أَوْضَحْتَ	أنتَ
أَوضِحي	تُوضِحي	تُوضِحي	تُوضِحينَ	أَوْضَحْتِ	أنتِ
	يُوضِحْ	يُوضِحَ	يُوضِحُ	أَوْضَحَ	هو
	تُوضِحْ	تُوضِحَ	تُوضِحُ	أَوْضَحَتْ	هي
					Dual
أَوضِحا	تُوضِحا	تُوضِحا	تُوضِحانِ	أَوْضَحْتُما	أنتُما
	يُوضِحا	يُوضِحا	يُوضِحانِ	أَوْضَحا	هما (m)
	تُوضِحا	تُوضِحا	تُوضِحانِ	أَوْضَحتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نُوضِحْ	نُوضِحَ	نُوضِحُ	أَوْضَحْنا	نَحْنَ
أَوْضِحوا	تُوضِحوا	تُوضِحوا	تُوضِحونَ	أَوْضَحْتُمْ	أنتُم
أَوْضِحْنَ	تُوضِحْنَ	تُوضِحْنَ	تُوضِحْنَ	أَوْضَحْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يُوضِحوا	يُوضِحوا	يُوضِحونَ	أَوْضَحوا	هم
	يُوضِحْنَ	يُوضِحْنَ	يُوضِحْنَ	أَوْضَحْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُوضِحَ	يُوضَحُ (see note 1 below)	مُوضِح	مُوضِحة	مُوضَح	مُوضَحة	إيضاح

Form VIII Assimilated Verbs: Active Voice يَتَّصِلُ , إِتَّصَلَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَتَّصِلْ	أَتَّصِلَ	أَتَّصِلُ	إِتَّصَلْتُ	أنا
إِتَّصِلْ	تَتَّصِلْ	تَتَّصِلَ	تَتَّصِلُ	إِتَّصَلْتَ	أنتَ
إِتَّصِلي	تَتَّصِلي	تَتَّصِلي	تَتَّصِلينَ	إِتَّصَلْتِ	أنتِ
	يَتَّصِلْ	يَتَّصِلَ	يَتَّصِلُ	إِتَّصَلَ	هو
	تَتَّصِلْ	تَتَّصِلَ	تَتَّصِلُ	إِتَّصَلَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِتَّصِلا	تَتَّصِلا	تَتَّصِلا	تَتَّصِلانِ	إِتَّصَلْتُما	أنتُما
	يَتَّصِلا	يَتَّصِلا	يَتَّصِلانِ	إِتَّصَلا	هما (m)
	تَتَّصِلا	تَتَّصِلا	تَتَّصِلانِ	إِتَّصَلَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَتَّصِلْ	نَتَّصِلَ	نَتَّصِلُ	إِتَّصَلْنا	نَحْنَ
إِتَّصِلوا	تَتَّصِلوا	تَتَّصِلوا	تَتَّصِلونَ	إِتَّصَلْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِتَّصِلْنَ	تَتَّصِلْنَ	تَتَّصِلْنَ	تَتَّصِلْنَ	إِتَّصَلْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَتَّصِلوا	يَتَّصِلوا	يَتَّصِلونَ	إِتَّصَلوا	هم
	يَتَّصِلْنَ	يَتَّصِلْنَ	يَتَّصِلْنَ	إِتَّصَلْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُتُّصِلَ	يُتّصَلُ	مُتَّصِل	مُتَّصِلة	مُتَّصَل	مُتَّصَلة	إِتِّصال

Form X Assimilated Verbs: Active Voice يَسْتَوْعِبُ , إسْتَوعَبَ

These verbs are regular in all of their conjugations. An abbreviated chart is given below. Note the form of the verbal noun.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَسْتَوْعِبْ	أَسْتَوْعِبْ	أَسْتَوْعِبُ	إِسْتَوْعَبْتُ	أنا
إِسْتَوْعِبْ	تَسْتَوْعِبَ	تَسْتَوْعِبَ	تَسْتَوْعِبُ	إِسْتَوْعَبْتَ	أنتَ
إِسْتَوْعِبْنَ	تَسْتَوْعِبْنَ	تَسْتَوْعِبْنَ	تَسْتَوْعِبْنَ	إِسْتَوْعَبْنَ	أنتن
	يَسْتَوْعِبوا	يَسْتَوْعِبوا	يَسْتَوْعِبونَ	إِسْتَوْعَبوا	هم

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُسْتُعِبَ	يُسْتَوْعَبُ	مُسْتَوْعِب	مُسْتَوْعِبة	مُسْتَوْعَب	مُسْتَوْعَبة	إِسْتيعاب

Form I Assimilated and Defective Verbs: Active Voice يَفي , وَفى

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَفِ	أَفِيَ	أَفي	وَفَيْتُ	أنا
فِ	تَفِ	تَفِيَ	تَفي	وَفَيْتَ	أنتَ
في	تَفي	تَفي	تَفينَ	وَفَيْتِ	أنتِ
	يَفِ	يَفيَ	يَفي	وَفى	هو
	تَفِ	تَفيَ	تَفي	وَفَتْ	هي
					Dual
فِيا	تَفيا	تَفيا	تَفيانِ	وَفَيْتُما	أنتُما
	يَفيا	يَفيا	يَفيانِ	وَفَيا	هما (m)
	تَفيا	تَفيا	تَفيانِ	وَفَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَفِ	نَفِيَ	نَفي	وَفَيْنا	نَحْنَ
فوا	تَفوا	تَفوا	تَفونَ	وَفَيْتُمْ	أنتُم
فينَ	تَفينَ	تَفينَ	تَفينَ	وَفَيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَفوا	يَفوا	يَفونَ	وَفَوْا	هم
	يَفينَ	يَفينَ	يَفينَ	وَفَيْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
وُفِيَ	يُوفى	وافٍ	وافِية	مَوْفىً	مَوْفاة	وَفاء

Note 1 – For the passive for all the present, subjunctive and jussive conjugations, merely change the stem vowel from a kasra to a fatha in each conjugation in the chart above. For the passive in the past tense, just change the stem vowel from a fatha to a kasra.

A: Verb Charts – Sound Verbs

In this section you will find conjugation charts for sound verbs in Forms I-X. For all forms, a chart for the active voice is presented first. Underneath that chart is a small chart showing the active and passive particples, the verbal noun, and a sample conjugation in passive voice for the past and present tenses. Then, for most of the forms, a fully conjugated passive voice chart is presented.

In my opinion, you should make yourself cable of producing, entirely on your own, every conjugation presented in every section of the Chart Chapter. Being able to do so does not mean that you “know” Arabic, but it does mean that verbs should not be a problem for you in reading or writing Arabic.

Form I

Sound Verbs: Active Voice: ^* يَدْرُسُ , دَرَسَ

(see note 1 below)

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَدْرُسْ	أَدْرُسَ	أَدْرُسُ	دَرَسْتُ	أنا
أُدْرُسْ	تَدْرُسْ	تَدْرُسَ	تَدْرُسُ	دَرَسْتَ	أنتَ
أُدْرُسي	تَدْرُسي	تَدْرُسي	تَدْرُسينَ	دَرَسْتِ	أنتِ
	يَدْرُسْ	يَدْرُسَ	يَدْرُسُ	دَرَسَ	هو
	تَدْرُسْ	تَدْرُسَ	تَدْرُسُ	دَرَسَتْ	هي
					Dual
أُدْرُسا	تَدْرُسا	تَدْرُسا	تَدْرُسانِ	دَرَسْتُما	أنتُما
	يَدْرُسا	يَدْرُسا	يَدْرُسانِ	دَرَسا	هما (m)
	تَدْرُسا	تَدْرُسا	تَدْرُسانِ	دَرَسَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَدْرُسْ	نَدْرُسَ	نَدْرُسُ	دَرَسْنا	نَحْنَ
أُدْرُسوا	تَدْرُسوا	تَدْرُسوا	تَدْرُسونَ	دَرَسْتُمْ	أنتُم
أُدْرُسْنَ	تَدْرُسْنَ	تَدْرُسْنَ	تَدْرُسْنَ	دَرَسْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَدْرُسوا	يَدْرُسوا	يَدْرُسونَ	دَرَسوا	هم
	يَدْرُسْنَ	يَدْرُسْنَ	يَدْرُسْنَ	دَرَسْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
دُرِسَ	يُدْرَسُ	دارِس	دارِسة	مَدْروس	مَدْروسة	دِراسة

Form I Sound Verbs: Passive Voice يَدْرُسُ , دَرَسَ

All Form I sound verbs in the passive voice will conjugate in the same way as the verb in the chart below.

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُدْرُسْ	أُدْرَسَ	أُدْرَسُ	دُرِسْتُ	أنا
تُدْرَسْ	تُدْرَسَ	تُدْرَسُ	دُرِسْتَ	أنتَ
تُدْرَسي	تُدْرَسي	تُدْرَسينَ	دُرِسْتِ	أنتِ
يُدْرَسْ	يُدْرَسَ	يُدْرَسُ	دُرِسَ	هو
تُدْرَسْ	تُدْرَسَ	تُدْرَسُ	دُرِسَتْ	هي
				Dual
تُدْرَسا	تُدْرَسا	تُدْرَسانِ	دُرِسْتُما	أنتُما
يُدْرَسا	يُدْرَسا	يُدْرَسانِ	دُرِسا	هما (m)
تُدْرَسا	تُدْرَسا	تُدْرَسانِ	دُرِسَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُدْرَسْ	نُدْرَسَ	نُدْرَسُ	دُرِسْنا	نَحْنَ
تُدْرَسوا	تُدْرَسوا	تُدْرَسونَ	دُرِسْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُدْرَسْنَ	تُدْرَسْنَ	تُدْرَسْنَ	دُرِسْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُدْرَسوا	يُدْرَسوا	يُدْرَسونَ	دُرِسوا	هم
يُدْرَسْنَ	يُدْرَسْنَ	يُدْرَسْنَ	دُرِسْنَ	هنَّ

Form II Sound Verbs: Active Voice يُدَرِّسُ , دّرَّسّ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أُدَرِّسْ	أُدَرِّسَ	أُدَرِّسُ	دَرَّسْتُ	أنا
دّرِّسْ	تُدَرِّسْ	تُدَرِّسَ	تُدَرِّسُ	دَرَّسْتَ	أنتَ
دّرِّسي	تُدَرِّسي	تُدَرِّسي	تُدَرِّسينَ	دَرَّسْتِ	أنتِ
	يُدَرِّسَ	يُدَرِّسَ	يُدَرِّسُ	دَرَّسَ	هو
	تُدَرِّسَ	تُدَرِّسَ	تُدَرِّسُ	دَرَّسْتْ	هي
					Dual
دَرِّسا	تُدَرِّسا	تُدَرِّسا	تُدَرِّسانِ	دَرَّسْتُما	أنتُما
	يُدَرِّسا	يُدَرِّسا	يُدَرِّسانِ	دَرَّسا	هما (m)
	تُدَرِّسا	تُدَرِّسا	تَدَرِّسانِ	دَرَّسَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نُدَرِّسْ	نُدَرِّسَ	نُدَرِّسُ	دّرَّسْنا	نَحْنَ
دَرَّسوا	تُدَرِّسوا	تُدَرِّسوا	تُدَرِّسونَ	دّرَّسْتُمْ	أنتُم
دَرِّسْنَ	تُدَرِّسْنَ	تُدَرِّسْنَ	تُدَرِّسْنَ	دّرَّسْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يُدَرِّسوا	يُدَرِّسوا	يُدَرِّسونَ	دّرَّسوا	هم
	يُدَرِّسْنَ	يُدَرِّسْنَ	يُدَرِّسْنَ	دّرَّسْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
دُرِّسَ	يُدَرِّسُ	مُدَرِّس	مُدَرِّسة	مُدَرَّس	مُدَرَّسة	تَدْريس

Form II Sound Verbs: Passive Voice يُدَرِّسُ , دَرَّسَ

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُدَرَّسْ	أُدَرَّسَ	أُدَرَّسُ	دُرِّسْتُ	أنا
تُدَرَّسْ	تُدَرَّسَ	تُدَرَّسُ	دُرِّسْتَ	أنتَ
تُدَرَّسي	تُدَرَّسي	تُدَرَّسينَ	دُرِّسْتِ	أنتِ
يُدَرَّسْ	يُدَرَّسَ	يُدَرَّسُ	دُرِّسَ	هو
تُدَرَّسْ	تُدَرَّسَ	تُدَرَّسُ	دُرِّسْتْ	هي
				Dual
تُدَرَّسا	تُدَرَّسا	تُدَرَّسانِ	دُرِّسْتُما	أنتُما
يُدَرَّسا	يُدَرَّسا	يُدَرَّسانِ	دُرِّسا	هما (m)
تُدَرَّسا	تُدَرَّسا	تُدَرَّسانِ	دُرِّسَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُدّرَّسْ	نُدّرَّسَ	نُدّرَّسُ	دُرِّسْنا	نَحْنَ
تُدَرَّسوا	تُدَرَّسوا	تُدَرَّسونَ	دُرِّسْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُدَرَّسْنَ	تُدَرَّسْنَ	تُدَرَّسْنَ	دُرِّسْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُدَرَّسوا	يُدَرَّسوا	يُدَرَّسونَ	دُرِّسوا	هم
يُدَرَّسْنَ	يُدَرَّسْنَ	يُدَرَّسْنَ	دُرِّسْنَ	هنَّ

Form III Sound Verbs: Active Voice يُناقِشُ , ناقَشَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أُناقِشْ	أُناقِشَ	أُناقِشُ	ناقَشْتُ	أنا
ناقِشْ	تُناقِشْ	تُناقِشَ	تُناقِشُ	ناقَشْتَ	أنتَ
ناقِشي	تُناقِشي	تُناقِشي	تُناقِشينَ	ناقَشْتِ	أنتِ
	يُناقِشْ	يُناقِشَ	يُناقِشُ	ناقَشَ	هو
	تُناقِشْ	تُناقِشَ	تُناقِشُ	ناقَشْتْ	هي
					Dual
ناقِشا	تُناقِشا	تُناقِشا	تُناقِشانِ	ناقَشْتُما	أنتُما
	يُناقِشا	يُناقِشا	يُناقِشانِ	ناقَشا	هما (m)
	تُناقِشا	تُناقِشا	تُناقِشانِ	ناقَشَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نُناقَشْ	نُناقَشَ	نُناقَشُ	ناقَشْنا	نَحْنَ
ناقِشوا	تُناقِشوا	تُناقِشوا	تُناقِشونَ	ناقَشْتُمْ	أنتُم
ناقِشْنَ	تُناقِشْنَ	تُناقِشْنَ	تُناقِشْنَ	ناقَشْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يُناقِشوا	يُناقِشوا	يُناقِشونَ	ناقَشوا	هم
	يُناقِشْنَ	يُناقِشْنَ	يُناقِشْنَ	ناقَشْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past

Passive Present

Active Participle Masculine

Active Participle Feminine

Passive Participle Masculine

Passive Participle Feminine

Verbal Noun

نُوقِشَ

يُناقَشُ

مُناقِش

مُناقِشة

مُناقَش

مُناقَشة

مٌناقَشة \ نِقاش

(see note 2 below)

Form III Sound Verbs: Passive Voice يُناقِشُ , ناقَشَ

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُناقَشْ	أُناقَشَ	أُناقَشُ	نُوقِشْتُ	أنا
تُناقَشْ	تُناقَشَ	تُناقَشُ	نُوقِشْتَ	أنتَ
تُناقَشي	تُناقَشي	تُناقَشينَ	نُوقِشْتِ	أنتِ
يُناقَشْ	يُناقَشَ	يُناقَشُ	نُوقِشَ	هو
تُناقَشْ	تُناقَشَ	تُناقَشُ	نُوقِشْتْ	هي
				Dual
تُناقَشا	تُناقَشا	تُناقَشانِ	نُوقِشْتُما	أنتُما
يُناقَشا	يُناقَشا	يُناقَشانِ	نُوقِشا	هما (m)
تُناقَشا	تُناقَشا	تُناقَشانِ	نُوقِشَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُناقَشْ	نُناقَشَ	نُناقَشُ	نُوقِشْنا	نَحْنَ
تُناقَشوا	تُناقَشوا	تُناقَشونَ	نُوقِشْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُناقَشْنَ	تُناقَشْنَ	تُناقَشْنَ	نُوقِشْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُناقَشوا	يُناقَشوا	يُناقَشونَ	نُوقِشوا	هم
يُناقَشْنَ	يُناقَشْنَ	يُناقَشْنَ	نُوقِشْنَ	هنَّ

Form IV Sound Verbs: Active Voice يُجْبِرُ , أَجْبَرَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أُجْبِرْ	أُجْبِرَ	أُجْبِرُ	أَجْبَرْتُ	أنا
أَجْبِرْ	تُجْبِرْ	تُجْبِرَ	تُجْبِرُ	أَجْبَرْتَ	أنتَ
أَجْبِري	تُجْبِري	تُجْبِري	تُجْبِرينَ	أَجْبَرْتِ	أنتِ
	يُجْبِرْ	يُجْبِرَ	يُجْبِرُ	أَجْبَرَ	هو
	تُجْبِرْ	تُجْبِرَ	تُجْبِرُ	أَجْبَرْتْ	هي
					Dual
أَجْبِرا	تُجْبِرا	تُجْبِرا	تُجْبِرانِ	أَجْبَرْتُما	أنتُما
	يُجْبِرا	يُجْبِرا	يُجْبِرانِ	أَجْبَرا	هما (m)
	تُجْبِرا	تُجْبِرا	تُجْبِرانِ	أَجْبَرَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نُجْبِرْ	نُجْبِرَ	نُجْبِرُ	أَجْبَرْنا	نَحْنَ
أَجْبِروا	تُجْبِروا	تُجْبِروا	تُجْبِرونَ	أَجْبَرْتُم	أنتُم
أَجْبِرْنَ	تُجْبِرنَ	تُجْبِرنَ	تُجْبِرنَ	أَجْبَرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يُجْبِروا	يُجْبِروا	يُجْبِرونَ	أَجْبَروا	هم
	يُجْبِرْنَ	يُجْبِرْنَ	يُجْبِرْنَ	أَجْبَرْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُجْبِرَ	يُجْبِرُ	مُجْبِر	مُجْبِرة	مُجْبَر	مُجْبَرة	إِجْبار

Form IV Sound Verbs: Passive Voice يُجْبِرُ , أَجْبَرَ

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُجْبَرْ	أُجْبَرَ	أُجْبَرُ	أُجْبِرْتُ	أنا
تُجْبَرْ	تُجْبَرَ	تُجْبَرُ	أُجْبِرْتَ	أنتَ
تُجْبَري	تُجْبَري	تُجْبَرينَ	أُجْبِرْتِ	أنتِ
يُجْبَرْ	يُجْبَرَ	يُجْبَرُ	أُجْبِرَ	هو
تُجْبَرْ	تُجْبَرَ	تُجْبَرُ	أُجْبِرَتْ	هي
				Dual
تُجْبَرا	تُجْبَرا	تُجْبَرانِ	أُجْبِرْتُما	أنتُما
يُجْبَرا	يُجْبَرا	يُجْبَرانِ	أُجْبِرا	هما (m)
تُجْبَرا	تُجْبَرا	تُجْبَرانِ	أُجْبِرَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُجْبَرْ	نُجْبَرَ	نُجْبَرُ	أُجْبِرْنا	نَحْنَ
تُجْبَروا	تُجْبَروا	تُجْبَرونَ	أُجْبِرْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُجْبَرنَ	تُجْبَرنَ	تُجْبَرنَ	أُجْبِرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُجْبَروا	يُجْبَروا	يُجْبَرونَ	أُجْبِروا	هم
يُجْبَرْنَ	يُجْبَرْنَ	يُجْبَرْنَ	أُجْبِرْنَ	هنَّ

Form V Sound Verbs: Active Voice يَتَكَلَّمُ , تَكَلَّمَ

The passive of Form V verbs is relatively rare and no separate passive voice chart for Form V is included.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَتَكَلَّمْ	أَتَكَلَّمَ	أَتَكَلَّمُ	تَكَلَّمْتُ	أنا
تَكَلَّمْ	تَتَكَلَّمْ	تَتَكَلَّمَ	تَتَكَلَّمُ	تَكَلَّمْتَ	أنتَ
تَكَلَّمي	تَتَكَلَّمي	تَتَكَلَّمي	تَتَكَلَّمينَ	تَكَلَّمْتِ	أنتِ
	يَتَكَلَّمْ	يَتَكَلَّمَ	يَتَكَلَّمُ	تَكَلَّمَ	هو
	تَتَكَلَّمْ	تَتَكَلَّمَ	تَتَكَلَّمُ	تَكَلَّمَتْ	هي
					Dual
تَكَلَّما	تَتَكَلَّما	تَتَكَلَّما	تَتَكَلَّمانِ	تَكَلَّمْتُما	أنتُما
	يَتَكَلَّما	يَتَكَلَّما	يَتَكَلَّمانِ	تَكَلَّما	هما (m)
	تَتَكَلَّما	تَتَكَلَّما	تَتَكَلَّمانِ	تَكَلَّمَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَتَكَلَّمْ	نَتَكَلَّمَ	نَتَكَلَّمُ	تَكَلَّمْنا	نَحْنَ
تَكَلَّموا	تَتَكَلَّموا	تَتَكَلَّموا	تَتَكَلَّمونَ	تَكَلَّمْتُمْ	أنتُم
تَكَلَّمْنَ	تَتَكَلَّمْنَ	تَتَكَلَّمْنَ	تَتَكَلَّمْنَ	تَكَلَّمْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَتَكَلَّموا	يَتَكَلَّموا	يَتَكَلَّمونَ	تَكَلَّموا	هم
	يَتَكَلَّمْنَ	يَتَكَلَّمْنَ	يَتَكَلَّمْنَ	تَكَلَّمْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
تُكُلِّمَ	يُتَكَلَّمُ	مُتَكَلِّم	مُتَكَلِّمة	مُتَكَلَّم	مُتَكَلَّمة	تُكَلُّم

Form VI Sound Verbs: Active Voice يَتَقابَلُ , تَقابَلَ

The passive of Form VI verbs is relatively rare and no separate passive voice chart for Form VI is included.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَتَقابَلْ	أَتَقابَلَ	أَتَقابَلُ	تَقابَلْتُ	أنا
تَقابَلْ	تَتَقابَلْ	تَتَقابَلَ	تَتَقابَلُ	تَقابَلْتَ	أنتَ
تَقابَلي	تَتَقابَلي	تَتَقابَلي	تَتَقابَلينَ	تَقابَلْتِ	أنتِ
	يَتَقابَلْ	يَتَقابَلَ	يَتَقابَلُ	تَقابَلَ	هو
	تَتَقابَلََْ	تَتَقابَلَ	تَتَقابَلُ	تَقابَلَتْ	هي
					Dual
تَقابَلا	تَتَقابلا	تَتَقابلا	تَتَقابلانِ	تَقابَلْتُما	أنتُما
	يَتَقابلا	يَتَقابلا	يَتَقابلانِ	تَقابَلا	هما (m)
	تَتَقابلا	تَتَقابلا	تَتَقابلانِ	تَقابَلَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَتَقابَلْ	نَتَقابَلَ	نَتَقابَلُ	تَقابَلْنا	نَحْنَ
تَقابَلوا	تَتَقابَلوا	تَتَقابَلوا	تَتَقابَلونَ	تَقابَلْتُمْ	أنتُم
تَقابَلْنَ	تَتَقابَلْنَ	تَتَقابَلْنَ	تَتَقابَلْنَ	تَقابَلْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَتَقابَلوا	يَتَقابَلوا	يَتَقابَلونَ	تَقابَلوا	هم
	يَتَقابَلْنَ	يَتَقابَلْنَ	يَتَقابَلْنَ	تَقابَلْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
تُقوبِلَ	يُتَقابَلُ	مُتَقابِل	مُتَقابِلة	مُتَقابَل	مُتَقابَلة	تَقابُل

Form VII Sound Verbs: Active Voice يَنْصَرِفُ , إنْصَرَفَ

Form VII Verbs have no passive.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَنْصَرِفْ	أَنْصَرِفَ	أَنْصَرِفُ	إِنْصَرَفْتُ	أنا
إِنْصَرِفْ	تَنْصَرِفْ	تَنْصَرِفَ	تَنْصَرِفُ	إِنْصَرَفْتَ	أنتَ
إِنْصَرِفي	تَنْصَرِفي	تَنْصَرِفي	تَنْصَرِفينَ	إِنْصَرَفْتِ	أنتِ
	يَنْصَرِفْ	يَنْصَرِفَ	يَنْصَرِفُ	إِنْصَرَفَ	هو
	تَنْصَرِفْ	تَنْصَرِفَ	تَنْصَرِفُ	إِنْصَرَفَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِنْصَرِفا	تَنْصَرِفا	تَنْصَرِفا	تَنْصَرِفانِ	إِنْصَرَفْتُما	أنتُما
	يَنْصَرِفا	يَنْصَرِفا	يَنْصَرِفانِ	إِنْصَرَفَا	هما (m)
	تَنْصَرِفا	تَنْصَرِفا	تَنْصَرِفانِ	إِنْصَرَفَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَنْصَرِفْ	نَنْصَرِفَ	نَنْصَرِفُ	إِنْصَرَفْنا	نَحْنَ
إِنْصَرِفوا	تَنْصَرِفوا	تَنْصَرِفوا	تَنْصَرِفونَ	إِنْصَرَفْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِنْصَرِفْنَ	تَنْصَرِفْنَ	تَنْصَرِفْنَ	تَنْصَرِفْنَ	إِنْصَرَفْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَنْصَرِفوا	يَنْصَرِفوا	يَنْصَرِفونَ	إِنْصَرَفوا	هم
	يَنْصَرِفْنَ	يَنْصَرِفْنَ	يَنْصَرِفْنَ	إِنْصَرَفْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
None	None	مُنْصَرِف	مُنْصَرِفة	None	None	إِنْصِراف

Form VIII Sound Verbs: Active Voice يَكْتَشِفُ , إِكْتَشَفَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَكْتَشِفْ	أَكْتَشِفَ	أَكْتَشِفُ	إِكْتَشَفْتُ	أنا
إِكْتَشِفْ	تَكْتَشِفْ	تَكْتَشِفَ	تَكْتَشِفُ	إِكْتَشَفْتَ	أنتَ
إِكْتَشِفي	تكْتَشِفي	تكْتَشِفي	تكْتَشِفينَ	إِكْتَشَفْتِ	أنتِ
	يَكْتَشِفْ	يَكْتَشِفَ	يَكْتَشِفُ	إِكْتَشَفَ	هو
	تَكْتَشِفْ	تَكْتَشِفَ	تَكْتَشِفُ	إِكْتَشَفَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِكْتَشِفا	تَكْتَشِفا	تَكْتَشِفا	تَكْتَشِفانِ	إِكْتَشَفْتُما	أنتُما
	يَكْتَشِفا	يَكْتَشِفا	يَكْتَشِفانِ	إِكْتَشَفا	هما (m)
	تَكْتَشِفا	تَكْتَشِفا	تَكْتَشِفانِ	إِكْتَشَفْتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَكْتَشِفْ	نَكْتَشِفَ	نَكْتَشِفُ	إِكْتَشَفْنا	نَحْنَ
إِكْتَشِفوا	تَكْتَشِفوا	تَكْتَشِفوا	تَكْتَشِفونَ	إِكْتَشَفْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِكْتَشِفْنَ	تَكْتَشِفْنَ	تَكْتَشِفْنَ	تَكْتَشِفْنَ	إِكْتَشَفْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَكْتَشِفوا	يَكْتَشِفوا	يَكْتَشِفونَ	إِكْتَشَفوا	هم
	يَكْتَشِفْنَ	يَكْتَشِفْنَ	يَكْتَشِفْنَ	إِكْتَشَفْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُكْتُشِفَ	يُكْتَشَفُ	مُكْتَشِف	مُكْتَشِفة	مُكْتَشَف	مُكْتَشَفة	إِكْتِشاف

Form VIII Sound Verbs: Passive Voice يَكْتَشِفُ , إِكْتَشَفَ

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُكْتَشَفْ	أُكْتَشَفَ	أُكْتَشَفُ	أُكْتُشِفْتُ	أنا
تُكْتَشَفْ	تُكْتَشَفَ	تُكْتَشَفُ	أُكْتُشِفْتَ	أنتَ
تُكْتَشَفي	تُكْتَشَفي	تُكْتَشَفينَ	أُكْتُشِفْتِ	أنتِ
يُكْتَشَفْ	يُكْتَشَفَ	يُكْتَشَفُ	أُكْتُشِفَ	هو
تُكْتَشَفْ	تُكْتَشَفَ	تُكْتَشَفُ	أُكْتُشِفَتْ	هي
				Dual
تُكْتَشَفا	تُكْتَشَفا	تُكْتَشَفانِ	أُكْتُشِفْتُما	أنتُما
يُكْتَشَفا	يُكْتَشَفا	يُكْتَشَفانِ	أُكْتُشِفا	هما (m)
تُكْتَشَفا	تُكْتَشَفا	تُكْتَشَفانِ	أُكْتُشِفْنا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُكْتَشَفْ	نُكْتَشَفَ	نُكْتَشَفُ	أُكْتُشِفْنا	نَحْنَ
تُكْتَشَفوا	تُكْتَشَفوا	تُكْتَشَفونَ	أُكْتُشِفْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُكْتَشَفْنَ	تُكْتَشَفْنَ	تُكْتَشَفْنَ	أُكْتُشِفْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُكْتَشَفوا	يُكْتَشَفوا	يُكْتَشَفونَ	أُكْتُشِفوا	هم
يُكْتَشَفْنَ	يُكْتَشَفْنَ	يُكْتَشَفْنَ	أُكْتُشِفْنَ	هنَّ

Form IX Sound Verbs: Active Voice يَحْمَرُّ , إِحْمَرُّ

Form IX verbs are very rare. The conjugate the the way doubled verbs do in Forms VII and VIII. They have no passive.

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَحْمَرِرْ	أَحْمَرَّ	أَحْمَرُّ	إحْمَرَرْتُ	أنا
إِحْمَرَّ \ إِحْمَرِرْ	تَحْمَرِرْ	تَحْمَرَّ	تَحْمَرُّ	إحْمَرَرْتَ	أنتَ
إِحْمَرّي	تَحْمَرّي	تَحْمَرّي	تَحْمَرّينَ	إحْمَرَرْتِ	أنتِ
	يَحْمَرِرْ	يَحْمَرَّ	يَحْمَرُّ	إحْمَرَّ	هو
	تَحْمَرِرْ	تَحْمَرَّ	تَحْمَرُّ	إحْمَرَّتْ	هي
					Dual
إِحْمَرّوا	تَحْمَرّا	تَحْمَرّا	تَحْمَرّانِ	إحْمَرَرْتُما	أنتُما
	يَحْمَرّا	يَحْمَرّا	يَحْمَرّانِ	إحْمَرّا	هما (m)
	تَحْمَرّا	تَحْمَرّا	تَحْمَرّانِ	إحْمَرّتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَحْمَرّْ	نَحْمَرَّ	نَحْمَرُّ	إحْمَرَرْنا	نَحْنَ
إِحْمَرّوا	تَحْمَرّوا	تَحْمَرّوا	تَحْمَرّونَ	إحْمَرَرْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِحْمَرِرْنَ	تَحْمَرِرْنَ	تَحْمَرِرْنَ	تَحْمَرِرْنَ	إحْمَرَرْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَحْمَرّوا	يَحْمَرّوا	يَحْمَرّونَ	إحْمَرّوا	هم
	يَحْمَرِرْنَ	يَحْمَرِرْنَ	يَحْمَرِرْنَ	إحْمَرَرْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
None	None	مُحْمَرّ	مُحْمَرّة	None	None	إِحْمِرار

Form

X Sound Verbs: Active Voice يَسْتَخْدِمُ , إِسْتَخْدَمَ

Command	Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
	أَسْتَخْدِمْ	أَسْتَخْدِمَ	أَسْتَخْدِمُ	إِسْتَخْدَمْتُ	أنا
إِسْتَخْدِمْ	تَسْتَخْدِمْ	تَسْتَخْدِمَ	تَسْتَخْدِمُ	إِسْتَخْدَمْتَ	أنتَ
إِسْتَخْدِمي	تَسْتَخْدِمي	تَسْتَخْدِمي	تَسْتَخْدِمينَ	إِسْتَخْدَمْتِ	أنتِ
	يَسْتَخْدِمْ	يَسْتَخْدِمَ	يَسْتَخْدِمُ	إِسْتَخْدَمَ	هو
	تَسْتَخْدِمْ	تَسْتَخْدِمَ	تَسْتَخْدِمُ	إِسْتَخْدَمَتْ	هي
					Dual
إِسْتَخْدِما	تَسْتَخْدِما	تَسْتَخْدِما	تَسْتَخْدِمانِ	إِسْتَخْدَمْتُما	أنتُما
	يَسْتَخْدِما	يَسْتَخْدِما	يَسْتَخْدِمانِ	إِسْتَخْدَما	هما (m)
	تَسْتَخْدِما	تَسْتَخْدِما	تَسْتَخْدِمانِ	إِسْتَخْدَمَتا	هما (f)
					Plural
	نَسْتَخْدِمْ	نَسْتَخْدِمَ	نَسْتَخْدِمُ	إِسْتَخْدَمْنا	نَحْنَ
إِسْتَخْدِموا	تَسْتَخْدِموا	تَسْتَخْدِموا	تَسْتَخْدِمونَ	إِسْتَخْدَمْتُمْ	أنتُم
إِسْتَخْدِمْنَ	تَسْتَخْدِمْنَ	تَسْتَخْدِمْنَ	تَسْتَخْدِمْنَ	إِسْتَخْدَمْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
	يَسْتَخْدِموا	يَسْتَخْدِموا	يَسْتَخْدِمونَ	إِسْتَخْدَموا	هم
	يَسْتَخْدِمْنَ	يَسْتَخْدِمْنَ	يَسْتَخْدِمْنَ	إِسْتَخْدَمْنَ	هنَّ

Passive Past	Passive Present	Active Participle Masculine	Active Participle Feminine	Passive Participle Masculine	Passive Participle Feminine	Verbal Noun
أُسْتُخْدِمَ	يُسْتَخْدَمُ	مُسْتَخْدِمُ	مُسْتَخْدِمُة	مُسْتَخْدَمُ	مُسْتَخْدَمُة	إِسْتِخْدام

Form X Sound Verbs: Passive Voice يَسْتَخْدِمُ ,

إِسْتَخْدَمَ

Jussive	Subjunctive	Present	Past	Singular
أُسْتَخْدَمْ	أُسْتَخْدَمَ	أُسْتَخْدَمُ	أُسْتُخْدِمْتُ	أنا
تُسْتَخْدَمْ	تُسْتَخْدَمَ	تُسْتَخْدَمُ	أُسْتُخْدِمْتَ	أنتَ
تُسْتَخْدَمي	تُسْتَخْدَمي	تُسْتَخْدَمينَ	أُسْتُخْدِمْتِ	أنتِ
يُسْتَخْدَمْ	يُسْتَخْدَمَ	يُسْتَخْدَمُ	أُسْتُخْدِمَ	هو
تُسْتَخْدَمْ	تُسْتَخْدَمَ	تُسْتَخْدَمُ	أُسْتُخْدِمَتْ	هي
				Dual
تُسْتَخْدَما	تُسْتَخْدَما	تُسْتَخْدَمانِ	أُسْتُخْدِمْتُما	أنتُما
يُسْتَخْدَما	يُسْتَخْدَما	يُسْتَخْدَمانِ	أُسْتُخْدِما	هما (m)
تُسْتَخْدَما	تُسْتَخْدَما	تُسْتَخْدَمانِ	أُسْتُخْدِمَتا	هما (f)
				Plural
نُسْتَخْدَمْ	نُسْتَخْدَمَ	نُسْتَخْدَمُ	أُسْتُخْدِمْنا	نَحْنَ
تُسْتَخْدَموا	تُسْتَخْدَموا	تُسْتَخْدَمونَ	أُسْتُخْدِمْتُمْ	أنتُم
تُسْتَخْدَمْنَ	تُسْتَخْدَمْنَ	تُسْتَخْدَمْنَ	أُسْتُخْدِمْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يُسْتَخْدَموا	يُسْتَخْدَموا	يُسْتَخْدَموا	أُسْتُخْدِموا	هم
يُسْتَخْدَمْنَ	يُسْتَخْدَمْنَ	يُسْتَخْدَمْنَ	أُسْتُخْدِمْنَ	هنَّ

Note 1 – Remember that some Form I sound verbs have a present-tense stem vowel of dhamma, some have a fatha, while others have a kasra. You will need to learn the stem vowel for each verb.

Note 2 – Most Form III verbs have a verbal noun pattern like that of مٌناقَشة. However, the verb in this chart and some other Form IIII verbs will also have a second verbal noun pattern, represented here by نِقاش

A: How to be a good Arabic student

With the exception of Parts I and II, this may be the most important part of this book. Read it and think about it.

Foreigners coming to America have often commented on the industriousness and ingenuity of the people they have found here. You have no doubt had quotes from Arnold Toynbee to this effect read to you while you were in high school. Not surprisingly, many Arabs who have come to America have noticed the same thing and have commented on it on many occasions. Even Canadians have noted the creativeness used by Americans – especially with respect to Americans’ ability to survive the damage inflicted upon them by the American health care system.

Unfortunately, this industriousness and ingenuity disappear from the American student as soon as he or she crosses the threshold of an Arabic classroom in an American university. I think there are several reasons for this – the results are obvious. Why, after all, are you reading this book?

Americans study Arabic for a variety of reasons, and most of them are excellent reasons as far as I am concerned. Unfortunately, as soon as they discover that the process of learning the language is going to take some time, their enthusiasm wanes and they confuse the time element with the difficulty of the language. Eventually most of them drop out, convinced that the language is too difficult to learn. Many of these people later appear as experts on Lehrer News Hour and Nightline. Just remember, when you see a Middle East “expert” on these programs, that there is a good chance that he or she is actually a person who was insufficiently motivated to learn Arabic. It makes me wonder about the rest of their knowledge about the Middle East. I guess that if you want to appear on Nightline then you should not read this book.

In any event, the majority of American students who study Arabic never achieve proficiency in any of the four skills: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Even those who stay in Arabic classes for several years and obtain graduate degrees in one aspect or another of Middle Eastern studies often are barely able to use the language in their research. Even many of the few who do attain any real proficiency in language eventually lose it because they do not use it.

It is a pretty bleak picture, is it not? However, there is نور at the end of the نَفَق. There are many Americans who have learned Arabic well. Most of them have learned Arabic as a direct result of their own motivation. They are highly motivated and they translated that motivation into action. They are not any more intelligent (some would say less) than those who do not master even elementary Arabic. You can learn the Arabic language too.

If you ever want to be good at this language you will have to do more than take one course a semester at a university. But first of all, if you are right now taking a course at a university, make sure that you do the work for that course. Come to class prepared and be ready to contribute to the class that day. I am going to let you in on a little secret: Arabic teachers like it when their students are prepared and show enthusiasm for the language. Your teacher will teach you better if you do the homework. So do the homework, and pay attention to what you are doing. Study the lessons to be covered in each class before the class meets. Just doing this will greatly improve your Arabic. Alas, this is not enough, but it is essential.

In addition to taking an Arabic class, you need to like this language enough to do something extra. Try to read a little Arabic from the newspaper, speak Arabic whenever you run into an Arab, anything. Do anything that requires your use of the language. Try to do a little bit each day. Any exposure to the language is beneficial. If you have a short wave, tune in to an Arabic station. In several American cities, for example Washington, DC., Detroit, Chicago, and Los Angeles, the Arab Network of America (ANA) broadcasts on AM radio and in some places on cable TV. Their varied programming is excellent for the language learner, and you do not even need a short wave. Try to obtain tapes of Arabic programming and listen to them. Do something every day.

Do not try to do too much additional work each day. If you do too much, you will wake up each morning dreading your long Arabic session that day. Soon you will quit. Do just enough extra each day that you look forward to doing it again the next day. Even fifteen minutes a day will be beneficial – and it is much better than doing one three-hour session and then never picking up an Arabic book again.

No matter how good your teacher is (and there are some very good teachers of Arabic in this country), your teacher cannot learn for you. The things you will learn the best are the things you will teach yourself, either through reading your text books, or by exposure to the language in a natural context such as a newspaper, book, or a radio or television program. You are the one responsible for your learning of the language, so teach yourself something every day. It is not easy, at times it will be discouraging, but you are more than capable of doing it if you want to. So you must do something in addition to any class that you may be taking, and you should do that something, at least a little bit, every day.

You will find, I am sure, that the hardest thing about Arabic is not the grammar. All the grammar you will ever need is in this book, and as you can see, it is not intellectually difficult. The hard part, you will find, is the large vocabulary of the Arabic language. This is what everybody finds out who actually learns the grammar part. Thus, when you start looking at “uncontrolled” texts (texts not designed for learners of the language), you will be struck by the sheer number of new words you will be encountering. Do not worry about it. The words will come.

Another thing you should do, if it is at all possible, is enroll in one of the many summer Arabic language programs conducted either in the United States or abroad. These programs are usually intensive and can accelerate your learning considerably if you apply yourself. You can inquire with your professor, if you have one, about these programs.

Strive to be good enough to get into the Center for Arabic Study Abroad (CASA) program at the American University in Cairo. CASA is a great opportunity. You have to be good just to be admitted.

As you know, there are four skills to be mastered for you to be considered fluent in any language: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. This book is designed in large part to help most with your reading comprehension. In Chapter 4 of Part II there is a section on tips on how to teach yourself to read better. You should reread that section. If you are interested in politics, newspapers are a good place to start. But you may well have totally different interests such as religion, literature, history, philosophy, and the like. You will find these things in newspapers as well. In fact, you should browse through any newspaper you get your hands on and look for things that interest you. But you should also read other things related to your area(s) of interest. It is possible in the United States to order books in Arabic of all kinds; some places even have academic and popular periodicals. You can find where to order these materials by browsing through the Internet. If you are studying Arabic at a university, check out your library’s Arabic language holdings. The important thing is to try to work with things that interest you,because that will help keep you going.

I have had many students who have had an interest in reading the Qur’an, even though their primary interests in Arabic were not directly related to Islam or to religion in general. If you have such an interest, then read the Qur’an. It is easy to get a translation of the Qur’an which also includes the Arabic and you can teach yourself a lot that way. Obviously, the language of the Qur’an is of a very different caliber from that of a modem Arabic newspaper, but many of the words in the Qur’an are in common use today, and the Qur’an is a major source for the grammar of Modern Standard Arabic.

As for speaking Arabic, the best way is to practice. Speaking is a difficult skill to master and requires some courage and effort on your part. It is important to take advantage of opportunities to speak Arabic outside the classroom. These opportunities may not be as difficult to come by as you might think. You can, of course, start with your own Arabic teacher, if you have one. Make up your mind to speak only Arabic with him or her whenever the two of you come in contact. I am sure that your teacher will be delighted.

You should also avail yourself of any opportunities that contact with native speakers may provide. If you live in a major US city there is a superb chance that there will be an Arab community there. Obviously, if you live in places such as Detroit or Washington, you do not even have to look. But there are many Arabs in other cities as well. Look in the phone book for any organizations for Arab Americans and give them a call. If you are in a store and someone there, perhaps an employee, may be of Arab origin, lay a big مرحبا on him and see what happens. If the person is an Arab, he will be delighted. Any opportunity is a good one.

If you are a student at a university, there is a good chance that there are Arab students there. Try to locate them. Often there are student clubs which have something to do with the Middle East – check them out.

You will find, if you have not done so already, that most Arabs are flattered when Americans take the time to learn their language. In general, they will be quite pleased to talk to you. Many will even offer to give you lessons. This is a good way to make friends from Arab countries. I have even had one student who worked as a bouncer in a Washington, D.C., restaurant. He would address all of the Arabic customers in Arabic and often had interesting conversations and some great practice. After working, he would cross the street and enter a very nice Lebanese restaurant and speak with the employees and customers there.

I know it is hard to open your mouth and speak in a foreign language. Look at it as an adventure – it often will be. Do it a few times and you will lose your bashfulness – and your Arabic will improve. Remember, most Arabs will be pleased, very pleased (and probably very surprised), that you are trying to learn Arabic. Almost never will you find anyone who will be impatient, rude, or will make fun of you. Usually the opposite will be the case and your confidence will build – as will your enjoyment of the language.

There are a few caveats which I feel I should take the time to mention.

1. The first is that some Arabs may at first answer you in English. Do not feel embarrassed. Usually they are doing so for one or more of the following reasons:

– It is quite possible that the person did not understand what you said, not because your pronunciation was too far from the mark, but because he or she just was not expecting you to address them in Arabic. Therefore your Arabic was interpreted as some sort of English that they did not quite understand. Keep speaking Arabic with the person and see what happens.

– It is also possible that the person may think you are speaking Arabic because of some deficiency in their English. Therefore they want to keep the conversation in English to show you that they do know the language. Remember, language insecurity goes both ways. Many Arabs are immigrants to this country and they will have accents and they will be sensitive. Tell this person (in Arabic) that his or her English is very good, and that you are the one who needs to practice, since he or she can practice with anyone.

– It is possible that the person you have addressed really does want to practice English, but usually this situation arises when you are in the Arab world, not here in the US. Explain your interest in learning Arabic and desire to practice.

2. Be wary of getting involved in a language exchange situation where you help the other person with English if he or she helps you with Arabic. The tendency is for their English to be better than your Arabic and you will end up only speaking English with this person. But, if you have the self-discipline to make sure that you use Arabic with this person, then go ahead and try. You may well become friends and get to meet other Arabic speakers as well.

3. Since your spoken Arabic is no doubt pretty limited it is most likely that any conversation you will have will soon exceed the level of your Arabic. Many people find this very frustrating. Just try to learn one or two things from each encounter and then use them the next time.

4. Do not be surprised if many native Arabic speakers you encounter in this country are weak with respect to the grammar you have learned, especially when it comes to their explaining it to non-native speakers. You had best rely on professionals when it comes to grammatical questions.

5. You will discover that not all people you will encounter will be comfortable speaking with you in Modern Standard Arabic. They will instead use at least some of their own dialect mixed with the standard when they talk to you. Welcome to the real world. Read the section below on colloquial Arabic.

Listening is a skill in which virtually all American students of the language are very weak. Even after three or four years of university study, most students of Arabic cannot understand anything spoken by someone other than their teacher. Obviously, one way to work on your listening is to speak with Arabs. You should also get your hands on audio and video tapes. Most films in Arabic are not in MSA, so the tapes you will need to get will be of news programs and interviews. As stated above, the Arab Network of America broadcasts in several major American cities on AM and numerous short-wave broadcasts can be heard here as well. These would be good sources for taping. In addition, see the section at the end of this book which gives addresses for acquiring books, it will give you information on how to acquire audio and video tapes as well.

In any event, once you have access to live or recorded video or audio material in Arabic, you should try to listen at least for a few minutes each day. Do not listen with the intent of decoding every word you hear. If you do that you will spend hours upon hours trying to decipher what you are hearing and will attain little or no benefit. Instead, listen to a portion of the programming all the way through (even a segment one minute long could be plenty to work with) without stopping your recorder. Do not focus on each word. Just listen. Your brain will start to work on its own. Just see what it understands. Play the segment over a couple of times. In the beginning, you will not understand much at all. But even on the first day after you have been listening just a few minutes you will be able to make out some words more clearly. See if you can tell what the item you are listening to is about in the most general sense. Forget the details. Just ask yourself if the piece is about cooking or space exploration or whatever. Do this some each day. After a while you will find yourself able to make out more and more words. You will even be able to correctly spell some words that you have never seen before. If any word or words seem to be important and you do not know the meaning, try to find them in your dictionary while still listening to the tape. Just try to learn one or two things a day this way. You will probably learn much more than that. In a few months you will be surprised at how much more you are able to understand. The key thing is not to be put off by your first experience listening because you will most probably not understand anything at all at first. Do not worry, the person you are listening to will definitely be speaking the language you have been learning and will be using many words that you do know. Your brain just has not yet learned to separate the words. It will learn.

The best way to improve your writing is to write. Write summaries and commentaries on things you are reading and show them to your teacher. Try to establish pen pals overseas. Many Arabs correspond with pen pals in the United States. You should have little trouble hooking up with one. Any Arab friend or associate you have should be able to help you arrange something like this.

When you write, try to write about some of the things you are currently reading about (especially in Arabic publications) and try to use some of the new vocabulary you are learning. This is a good way to work on vocabulary.

One thing which I feel compelled to mention again is the subject of using word lists or flash cards for vocabulary memorization. My advice is never to use such devices. They teach you the words out of context and will not help you commit the words to long-term memory. Instead of sitting down with a list of words in a vain effort to memorize them, get on the phone with an Arab and speak Arabic, or sit down and write that person a letter in Arabic. or read something new in Arabic, or reread an article your have previously read, or listen to something in Arabic. These activities will help you commit new items to long-term memory and are not sheer drudgery. I cannot emphasize this enough. Instead of spending time memorizing words, spend that time using the language actively. Avoid word lists and flash cards the way a good Muslim avoids pork.

One last thing I wish to bring up the is subject of colloquial Arabic. As you are probably aware, the Arabic spoken by people throughout the Arab world differs in many respects from the Arabic normally taught in university classrooms. I am going to outline the situation for you and then tell you what you should do about it.

The Arabic you are learning in this book is known as Modem Standard Arabic. This is the language used in writing, news reporting on television and radio, and on formal occasions. It is closely related to the classical language which is based on the Qur’an and on other classical sources such as the hadith, works on history and law, etc., which were written in the early years of Islam. This classical language is known as الفصحى (short for العربية الفصحى ) meaning the “eloquent” language. Often the term الفصحى is applied to Modern Standard Arabic due to a lack of a better term. The two are not quite the same, but they are close enough that الفصحى has come to represent both.

In daily life in the Arab world, people do not speak الفصحى They speak their own Arabic dialect. The dialects are known collectively as العامية. An individual dialect is called a لَهْجة The individual dialects differ not just from country to country, but from city to city, and village to village. The differences are also based on class, education, and gender. There are also differences based on urban versus rural and on religion.

The dialects are used as the sole means of communication on a daily basis. Thus, in the home, in the market, or anywhere else, the colloquial language is used exclusively when speaking.

The presence of two languages, الفصحى on the one hand, and العامية (referring to all of the dialects collectively) on the other, has caused considerable trouble for both teachers and students of the language. If your personal goal is just to be able to read Arabic, then you do not have to worry about the problem of “diglossia” as this phenomenon is known. But, if you wish to be able to speak colloquial Arabic, then you have entered into a realm of considerable debate.

My personal advice to those who do wish to learn Arabic well is for them to actively pursue learning a dialect. Here are some points, based on my own experience, which I feel are important to keep in mind if you wish to study colloquial.

The Four Noble Truths About Studying Colloquial Arabic

1. Do not study colloquial Arabic until you have a foundation in MSA.

2. Once you begin to learn a dialect continue to study your MSA. Never, ever, abandon your study of MSA.

3. Do not study a dialect before studying MSA.

4. Egyptian (Cairene) colloquial is probably the most widely understood Arabic dialect in the Arab world. That consideration aside, it is irrelevant which dialect you study. So pick a dialect that for some reason or other interests you.

An Explanation of the Four Noble Truths

It is best to wait to study a dialect until you have a good grasp of the basics of MSA. Look at MSA as the foundation. Once you know its structure, the changes in the dialect you are studying become much more comprehensible and can even be predicted. Furthermore, the vocabulary of MSA and of the dialects overlap tremendously, so the larger your MSA vocabulary, the larger dialect vocabulary you have before you even begin to study a dialect.

Always continue to study MSA. If you stick with a dialect only, you will not maintain the MSA grammar you have learned and you will lose your skills in reading since almost nothing is written in the dialects. Furthermore, unless you are in an Arab country, you will have difficulty studying and practicing colloquial Arabic at home due to the lack of readily available authentic materials (films, TV shows, radio shows, scripts for plays) whereas there is an unlimited amount of written material in MSA. In addition, any new vocabulary you acquire through your continued study of MSA can usually be applied directly in your use of a dialect.

Never study a dialect before you study MSA. This is basically a restatement of Noble Truth number one. The vast majority of Americans who have really learned Arabic started with MSA and then worked on learning a dialect. It does not work the other way around for a number reasons. Students who say “I want to be able to talk to the people” never learn to “talk to the people” and they remain illiterate in Arabic. They fail to learn anything of value. As I said, there are a number of reasons for this fact. Here are some of them:

1. Arabic colloquial textbooks are on the whole very, very poor. Their presentation of grammar is weak so you do not get a good overview of how Arabic works. Furthermore, they usually do not use the Arabic script, opting instead for some system of transliteration. Thus, the switch to MSA is even more difficult and the students cannot see the relationships between colloquial vocabulary and pronunciation on the one hand, and the standard language on the other.

2. Most colloquial textbooks go only so far into the language. Thus, even if you mastered your book, you would only be at a very low level of ability. So then you start the MSA and run into problems discussed in item 1 above.

3. Americans who opt for colloquial first tend not to be as serious about learning the language as those who desire to learn MSA – since they think they are taking the easy way out.

There are other reasons as well, but these three should make the point clear.

As far as deciding what dialect to study goes, you may well be limited by what is available at your school, or what textbooks can be found in your city. Within these limitations, it is best to pick whatever dialect interests you the most. If you have an interest in Lebanon, then go ahead and work on Lebanese colloquial. The only caveat to keep in mind is that Cairene colloquial is certainly the most widely understood of the dialects due to Egypt’s historical, intellectual, and cultural leadership in the Arab world and the sheer number of Egyptians living in other Arab countries. So if it is a toss up between Cairene and another dialect that does not particularly interest you, then go with the Cairene.

One thing you will learn if you have a good base in MSA and begin to study one dialect and then another, is that many of the dialects are really not all that different from one another and that a strong base in MSA makes it easier to learn them. Thus, if your base in MSA is strong and you are studying say a dialect used in Jordan, you will see that a person from Lebanon is relatively easy to understand especially once you learn two or three patterned differences between the Lebanese person’s speech and the dialect you are learning. Those differences are easier to discern if you know the standard language.

For the most part, the dialects are extremely mutually comprehensible even for non-native speakers. If you are strong in MSA you should be able to rapidly get the basics of a number of dialects if you so desire, and you should be able to go as far in any particular dialect as you want to go, provided you have access to the proper materials.

One advantage to knowing at least some colloquial (IN ADDITION TO YOUR FIRM KNOWLEDGE OF MSA) is that there is a sort of middle language which incorporates both MSA and colloquial. This middle language is often used in lectures in the university classroom and in radio and television interviews. An elementary knowledge of the major features of colloquial Arabic is all that is needed to follow what is being said – if your standard is strong.

It should be clear to you that if you have to choose between learning MSA and learning colloquial Arabic, then you should unhesitatingly opt for MSA. It is the universal language and is a must for an educated person.

If you wish, you can use MSA in speaking wherever you go in the Arab world. Since you are a foreigner, you will not be expected to speak the local dialect. Most people will understand why you are speaking the standard. I had one friend from Bangladesh who was getting his master’s degree in Arabic at Yarmouk University in Jordan who only spoke MSA all of the time. He was highly respected by his Arab classmates and professors. His Arabic was outstanding and he picked up whatever colloquial he needed to know (but which he generally refrained from using because of his devotion to the classical language) with great ease.

In any event, I hope that this book has been (or will be) of value to you and that the comments above will assist you in pursuing your study of the language on a regular basis.

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاتُه

A: How to us the “Hans Wehr” Dictionary

In Part II Chapter 4, I discussed the use of a dictionary in a manner designed to increase reading effectiveness. I discussed the necessity of not looking up every new word, of reading blocks of text before resorting to the dictionary in the first place, and of not writing down the meanings of words you have looked up. In this section I want to talk about the mechanics of using a dictionary – how to look up words and what to look for when doing so.

First of all, you need to know which Arabic-English dictionary to use. If you have had Arabic before, you probably know that the dictionary used by university students is A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic by Hans Wehr and edited by J. Milton Cowan. For all of the problems associated with this dictionary, it is by far the best general Arabic-English dictionary available. Forget the others (with the possible exception of one which I will discuss below).

The Hans Wehr dictionary (it is known as “the Hans Wehr dictionary” by students of Arabic) comes in two editions: the third edition and the fourth edition. The third edition came out in 1961 and is available primarily in paperback and is green in color. If you have had Arabic before and had to buy an Arabic dictionary, this is probably the edition which you have. This edition has been reprinted several times, including reprintings in the mid 1970’s, but no actual changes to the dictionary were made. Thus, if you are using the third edition you are using a dictionary that is over thirty years old. The third edition is also available in a green hard cover, but it is very expensive in the United States. If you buy the third edition, buy the paperback. It should cost under $20.00.

The fourth edition was issued in 1979. It is, at this point, available in hard cover (blue in color) and in an over-sized paper back edition (also blue in color). The cost of the hard cover in the United States is about $150.00. The paperback runs about $45.00. The fourth edition contains two hundred more pages with about 13,000 new entries and about 3,000 updates and corrections. While this sounds impressive, the fourth edition is not really all that much better than the third. Since the third edition paperback is less than $20.00 you should opt for it unless you have a few more bucks than I did when I was in school. Remember, too, that the fourth edition is itself well past the age of puberty. (See note 1 below)

Both editions of the Hans Wehr dictionary have the same structure and organization of contents. What I have to say below applies to both editions unless otherwise specified. I will use the term “Hans Wehr” to refer to both editions unless I say otherwise.

The Hans Wehr dictionary arranges its entries alphabetically by root. For example, مَكْتَب will be found under the root ك ت ب . So, the first thing you must do is memorize the Arabic alphabet. Here it is, going from right to left, in case you have not already done so.

أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي

Note, first of all, that the hamza is not included here as a letter of the alphabet. The hamza is, of course, one of the radicals in a number of words. The alif, strictly speaking, is never a radical in a word. For the purposes of looking up a word by its root, the haniza is the first letter of the alphabet. For example, قَرَأَ is listed before قَرُبَ .

However, foreign words and other words not directly linked to an Arabic root, are listed in strict alphabetical order. See, for example, باريس (“Paris”) and كادر (“cadre”). For such words, the alif is the first letter of the alphabet.

Of course, you will find foreign words containing an alif, and Arabic roots containing a hamza, on the same page. When this occurs, the alifl s and the hamza’s are essentially equivalent and the Hans Wehr is not entirely consistent in giving priority to one or the other. (See note 2 below)

Do not be fooled by hollow verbs. Their medial alif is either a waaw or a yaa’. For example, سالَ (“to flow”) is under س ي ل and is not under س ا ل However, سَأَلَ (“to ask”), is one of the early entries under the س .

The alif maqsuura is also not a letter of the alphabet. As you should know by now (if you have read most of this book), it represents either a و or a ي . Thus you will have to look such a word up under both roots.

The taa’ marbuuta is also not a letter of the alphabet. It is not part of the root of any word.

Note also that the arrangement of the letters of the alphabet is done according to the shape of the letter. This will aid your memorization of the order.

How to look up a word

In order to use your Hans Wehr effectively, you must know two things in addition to the order of the Arabic alphabet. First you must know the root-pattern system of the language and secondly you must know how the words are arranged in Hans Wehr under each root. This book has taught you all you need to know about the root-pattern system of the language. But you still need to know how the words are arranged under each root. Additionally, there are some quirks regarding the dictionary of which you should be aware. I will mention them as we go along.

We will use the verb خَرَجَ as an example of how the Hans Wehr dictionary works. Let’s say you are reading a text and you come across the word خرج . You decide it is probably a Form I verb (but it could be, of course, a Form II verb) and you look for it in your dictionary. So get your dictionary and open it up to the root خ ر ج .

When you find it you will see the three letters of the root followed by the Form I verb transliterated, with the vowels, into English. Next to that you will find the letter “u” written. The u stands for the dhamma used as the stem vowel for the imperfect. Thus, for any Form I verb, the Hans Wehr dictionary will give you its voweling for the perfect by transcribing the whole verb and it will give you the imperfect stem vowel.

You will then find the verbal noun or nouns for the Form I along with the transcription(s) in parenthses (often the verbal nouns will be noted only in transcription). After that you will find the various meanings of the verb along with the prepositions that go with it.

Many roots exist in more than one form. Thus, as you go down the main entry you will come across Roman numerals indicating the forms in which the root exists and giving the meanings. However,the verb itself will not be written. In our example, the root خ ر ج is found in Forms II, IV, V,VI and X. You will find these Roman numerals in the column under the main entry along with the meanings for each form. But you will not see the words أخْرَجَ , خَرَّجَ etc., actually written. (One student of mine says she feels that omitting the Arabic words themselves is extremely mean-spirited.)

Immediately after the listing of the verb forms will be nouns and adjectives derived from or related to the Form I verb. You can see this under the current example (no adjectives are listed under this one). Usually this section ends with nouns of place, as is the case here with the word مَخْرَج .

Then the verbal nouns will be listed in numerical order starting with Form II. (This time, you’ll actually get the Arabic words, but you won’t see the Roman numerals.) You can see this easily here. In fact, under the entry we are using as an example, the dictionary gives the verbal noun for each of the derived forms in which the root exists. This will not always be the case. Occasionally, derived verbal nouns will not be listed as separate entries and you will have to derive the meaning of the verbal nouns from the meanings given under the form of the verb itself. That is, you will have to go back to the entry for the root and find the appropriate Roman numeral and derive the meaning of the verbal noun from the meanings given for the verb in that form.

After the verbal nouns, the dictionary will give you some of the active and then some of the passive participles in order from Forms I through X. Be careful here. Often, active and passive participles are deliberately not listed because their meanings can be derived from looking at the meanings given for the appropriate verb form. Wehr says this himself in the introduction to the dictionary – which you should also read.

You will notice that some entries contain a large number of definitions – خَرَجَ is a good example. Often, the most common meaning of the word will not be the first one given, nor among the first ones given. In fact, often the first meanings given are rarely used. For example, look up the verb دَرَسَ right now as if it were a new verb to you. None of the first six meanings of the verb indicates that it means “to study.” This kind of problem exists in the meanings of the derived forms of various verbs as well. Thus, you will have to use the context in which you have the word as an aid in deciding which meaning is the correct one. You will find this particular problem for a surprising number of verbs in all of the forms.Often the best meanings are near the middle of the list of the meanings given for any particular verb under a particular form. Just be careful.

This particular peculiarity of the Hans Wehr makes it all the more important that you read for context when you are reading Arabic texts. You may have to look up a number of words and choose from a variety of meanings. The more you know about the context, the more easily you will be able to select the correct meanings when you use the dictionary.

That, in essence, is how the dictionary works. The Hans Wehr third edition should be adequate for your needs for quite some time. But do not forget its limitations – especially the fact that it is very dated and many new items have entered the lexicon of Arabic over the past thirty years.

You may not be too thrilled about having to use a dictionary organized by root – however, most western Arabic dictionaries do so. The system has several advantages over a purely alphabetical arrangement. For one thing, it gives you the meanings of words from the same root whenever you look up a word. Thus you can get a good sense of the range of meanings one root can convey. Also, since Arabic texts are almost never vocalized, you cannot always be sure that you have the correct spelling in mind when you look up a word. The root arrangement allows you to look at several possibilities at the same time. Here is an example of what I mean.

.الجامعة تخرج عددا كبيرا من الطلاب المتفوقين كل سنة

Let us say that you need to look up the verb in the sentence above. You do not know from looking at it whether it is Form I, Form II, or Form IV. In an alphabetical dictionary, the Form IV would be under I so you would have to first look up the word under خ ر ج then خ رّ ج (which will be very close by), and then under a completely different listing أ خ ر ج . However, the root arrangement allows you to see the meanings for all three possibilities on the same page. It can save you a lot of time.

Another advantage of the root system is that it takes less time to look up long words if you know the root. Since you usually only have to worry about three letters to find the main entry it, takes less time to get to the appropriate page than it would if you had to be concerned about every letter that actually appears in the word. For example, استخدام can be quickly looked up under خ د م followed by a glance at the Form X meanings if you use Wehr. But in an alphabetical dictionary you need to use each letter in the word to find its location. If you know the root-pattern system of Arabic, you will be able to find Arabic words in the Hans Wehr more quickly than you are able to look up English words using an English dictionary.

The major drawback to a dictionary based on the root system is that if you are not certain of the root, you may have to look up a word under two or more different roots. This is often a problem with hollow and defective verbs, and also with doubled verbs. If you have already worked through the first chapters of Part II, you should be familiar by now with the kinds of ambiguities that can arise. I will omit giving examples of this particular problem.

I indicated above that there is a dearth of decent Arabic-English dictionaries of a general nature available. (There are quite a few technical dictionaries in a number fields on the market. They are beyond the scope of this book.) The Hans Wehr is the best of the lot – despite its age. Recently a new dictionary has been published which you may wish to use as a supplement to the Hans Wehr if you are a serious Arabic student.

The dictionary is authored by Dr. Rohi Baalbaki and is called Al-Mawrid. Many Arabic students are familiar with a different dictionary by the same name which is an English-Arabic dictionary put together by a Munir Baalbaki, a relative of Rohi. I am not talking here about Munir Baalbaki’s dictionary-so do not confuse the two dictionaries merely because they have the same name and their authors are relatives with the same last name. How could you possibly do such a thing? I am talking here about Dr.Rohi Baalbaki’s Arabic-English dictionary called Al Mawrid. Its full name in Arabic is المورد قاموس عربي – إنكليزي

The dictionary was first issued in 1988. Its strong point is that it is more up-to-date and thus contains many words not found in even the fourth edition of the Hans Wehr. (It is my impression that the Hans Wehr was a major source in the compiling of this dictionary.) Unfortunately, the dictionary is organized alphabetically and not by root. This is a major drawback and in and of itself makes the dictionary as a whole greatly inferior to the Hans Wehr with respect to the foreign student of Arabic. However, as a supplement to the Hans Wehr it is very suitable. In defense of Dr. Baalbaki, I must say that the dictionary was not designed for non-native speakers of the language. It may interest you to note that native speakers of Arabic are often unfamiliar with the root-pattern system of the language as it is taught in western universities. Unfortunately, many American students are also unfamiliar with the root-pattern system as well, even though it is taught to them.

Another strong point of the dictionary is its inclusion of expressions – many of them idiomatic – in which a word may be used. In this respect, the dictionary is superior to Hans Wehr. Dr. Baalbaki’s dictionary is available only in hard cover and it may be hard to obtain in the United States. It is published by Dar el-Ilm Lilmalayin in Beirut, Lebanon. P.O. Box 1085. Telex: 23166 LE.

Note 1 – A fifth edition of the dictionary has recently appeared. It is in hardcover and costs a mere $300.00.

Note 2 – For example, بار meaning “bar” is listed before بَأرَ meaning “to dig a well” and بابا “father,” is listed before بأبأ, which means “to say poppa.” But this precedence for the alif over the hamza usually occurs in words such as those above where the spellings are otherwise the same. For example, after , بَأرَ , Hans Wehr lists a number of foreign words beginning with با such as بارود, باريس and بازار.

Table of Contents: Part III

Chapter 1	271
The Little Words No One Ever Learns but Which are Very Important	271

Chapter 2	288
A: Defective Nouns and Adjectives	288
B: Diptotes	292
C: Indeclinable Nouns and Adjectives	295
D: Doubly Transitive Verbs	296
E. False Idaafas	298

Chapter 3	300
Arabic Numbers	300

Chapter 4	314
A: How To Tell Time	314
B: Colors	316
C: The Verb رَأى , يَرى	319

Chapter 5: How To Use The Hans Wehr Dictionary	323

Chapter 6: How To Be A Good Arabic Student	328

Chapter 7: Verb Charts	337
A: Sound Verbs	337
B: Assimilated Verbs	354
C: Defective Verbs	361
D: Doubled Verbs	375
E: Hollow Verbs	384
F: Quadriliteral Verbs	395
G: Oddball Verbs	399

Chapter 8: The Answer Key	403

Table of Contents: Part II – Verbally Speaking

Chapter 1	63
A: Sound Verbs, Form I	63
Sound Verbs, Form I: the Jussive	67
B: Hollow Verbs, Form I	71
Hollow Verbs, Form I: Present Tense	74
Hollow Verbs, Form I: the Jussive	76
C: Defective Verbs, Form I	82
Defective Verbs, Form I: Present Tense	87
Defective Verbs, Form I: the Jussive	92
D: Assimilated Verbs, Form I	96
E: Doubled Verbs, Form I	100
Jussive of Doubled Verbs	101
F: ليس	104
G: كان	108

Chapter 2:	115
A: Form II Verbs	115
Sound Verbs	118
Hollow Verbs	119
Assimilated Verbs	120
Doubled Verbs	120
Defective Verbs	120
B: Commands –Forms I and II	123
Form II	123
Form I	124
Form I Sound Verbs	124
Form I Hollow Verbs	126
Form I Defective Verbs	127
Form I Doubled Verbs	128
Negative Commands for All Forms	130
C: The Subjunctive with لِ	132
The Particle J	137
D: Verbal Nouns	139
E: Active and Passive Participles, Forms I and II	146
Deriving Form I Active Participles	146
Form II Active Participles	149
Summary	150
The Use of the Active Participle	150
Passive Participles Form I	155
Passive Participles Form II	155

Chapter 3	161
A: Form III Verbs	161
B: The Passive Voice	167

Chapter 4	182
A: The Comparative and Superlative	182
B: Form IV Verbs	186
An Important Announcment	193
Reading for Comprehension	194
C: The Particles أنَ,إنَ and أَنْ	196
D: The Impersonal Passive	204

Chapter 5	210
A: Form V and Form VI Verbs	210
B: Relative Clauses	217
C: The Cognate Accusative	223

Chapter 6	227
A: Forms VII and VIII	227
B: The Haal Contruction	236
C: The Tamyiz Construction	241

Chapter 7	246
A: Forms IX and X	246
B: Quadriliteral Verbs	252
C: The Future	253
D: The Conditional	261

C: The Verb يَرى , رأى

The verb رأى, يرى is perhaps the only truly irregular verb in the language. In the past tense it conjugates exactly like the verb بني, يبني However, in the present tense this verb has two peculiarities. The first is that the middle radical, the hamza, disappears completely. The second is that it ends in an alif maqsuura instead of in a ي the way يبني , بنى does, as do all verbs belonging to that particular class of defective verbs. Whenever this alif maqsuura has to be shortened, it is shortened to a fatha, which is what we would expect. Below are the complete conjugations for يرى , رأى .

Jussive	Present	Past	Singular
أَرَ	أَرى	رأَيْت	أنا
تَرَ	تَرى	رأَيْتَ	أنتَ
تَرَىْ	تَرَيْنَ	رأَيْتِ	أنتِ
يَرَ	يَرى	رَأى	هو
تَرَ	تَرى	رَأتْ	هي
			Dual
تَرَيا	تَرَيانِ	رأَيتما	أنتُما
يَرَيا	يَرَيانِ	رأيا	هما (m)
تَرَيا	تَرَيانِ	رأتا	هما (f)
			Plural
نَرَ	نَرى	رأَيْنا	نَحْنَ
تَرَوْا	تَرَوْنَ	رأَيتم	أنتُم
تَرَيْنَ	تَرَيْنَ	رأَيْتنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يَرَوْا	يَرَوْنَ	رَأَوْا	هم
يَرَيْنَ	يَرَيْنَ	رأَيْنَ	هنَّ

Here are the command conjugations for يَرى , رأى. I know they look funny, but we have seen the same kind of thing before in Part II with verbs like يفي , وفى.

Command	Pronoun
رَ	أنتَ
رَيْ	أنتِ
رَيا	أنتما
رَوْا	انتم
رَيْنَ	انتنَّ

There is another similar verb يى , يَأى meaning “to be quiet” or “to be calm”. It can also mean “to disappear.” It also loses the middle radical of hamza in the imperfect as well as ending in an alif maqsuura instead of a ي . However, unlike most verbs whose first radical is a yaa’, it loses that yaa’ in the imperfect as well.(See note 1 below) This is analogous to verbs we saw in Chapter One of Part I such as يَجِدُ , وَجَدَ and يَعي , وعى For the sake of completeness, below are the complete conjugations for the verb يَى , يَأى

Jussive	Present	Past	Singular
أَ	أي	يَأَيْتُ	أنا
تَ	تي	يَأَيْتَ	أنتَ
تَيْ	تَيْنَ	يَأَيْتِ	أنتِ
يَ	يى	يَأَي	هو
تَ	تى	يَأَتْ	هي
			Dual
تَيا	تَيانِ	يَأَيْتُما	أنتُما
يَيا	يَيانِ	يَأَيا	هما (m)
تَيا	تَيانِ	يَأَتا	هما (f)
			Plural
نَ	نى	يَأَيْنا	نَحْنَ
تَوْا	تَوْنَ	يَأَيْتُم	أنتُم
تَيْنَ	تَيْنَ	يَأَيْتُنَّ	أنتُنَّ
يَوْا	يَوْنَ	يَأَيْنَ	هم
يَيْنَ	يَيْنَ	يَأَوْا	هنَّ

Here are the command conjugations for يى , يَأى

Command	Pronoun
	أنتَ
	أنتِ
يا	أنتما
	انتم
إِيْنَ	انتنَّ

The command conjugations for أنتُما and أنتن are quite regular. For example, for أنتما in the jussive, the verb is conjugated تيا. First, we drop off the jussive prefix of تَ and we are left with يا. This gives us a consonant (for here the ي is clearly working as a consonant) followed by a vowel. For أنتن when we remove the تَ prefix we are left with يَنْ which does not give us the proper consonant-vowel pattern. So we add a helping vowel, as we would with any Form I sound verb. Here the helping vowel is إ since the ي is in effect the stem vowel (just as we do for the verb يَرْجعُ , رَجَعَ because its stem vowel is a kasra – so we get إرْجعْ ) Thus, our command is إِينَ Since all long vowels automatically have a sukuun (see Chapter One of Part II where this was discussed), it does not matter if you include the sukuun or not.

However, with the other conjugations we come up with what are, in effect, irregular command conjugations. The command for أنتَ is a good example. In the jussive we have تَ. Here you cannot separate the prefix from the suffix. So when the تَ is taken away there is nothing left. You do not have a consonant vowel combination, which would give you the command, nor do you have a consonant with a sukuun followed by a stem vowel, as would be the case with Form I sound verbs. So you cannot add a prefix since there is no stem vowel there for the prefix to be in harmony with. So nothing is written at all.

The pronoun أنتِ poses a similar problem. When we take the prefix away we are left with يْ . Since the ي is followed immediately by a sukuun and there is nothing else following the sukuun, we do not know if the ي is acting as a vowel or as a consonant. Since it is not clear what the ي’s role is, Arab grammarians have preferred not to add a helping vowel to give the command conjugation. Also, since no Arabic word or syllable can begin with a vowel, the ي cannot be written by itself. So, the consensus was to leave the command for أنتِ blank as well. The conjugation for أنتم leaves us with a similar quandary regarding the و and the same conclusion was reached.

Some of you reading this book have probably lived in Cairo and you know how loud it is there. Others of you will, I hope, get a chance to study and live there someday. When you do, you will see how loud it is. I have always thought that part of the reason was that despite government efforts to get people to stop blowing their horns and yelling all the time, the problem was really a grammatical one. You see, the Egyptian government put up big signs all over the city telling people to be quiet. However, they used the verb يى , وأى since it really is more commonly used in Egypt than elsewhere. So they put up these big signs all over town – big rectangular signs like this:

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and wrote “be quiet” in them. However, since Arabic grammar requires that the command form be blank for the pronoun أنتم (which is what would have to be used to address a group of people including at least one male), Egyptians have only noticed that there are these blank signs posted all over town.

I understand that school teachers and even university professors have this problem too when they try to quiet down their classes by writing “be quiet” on the blackboard. The problem does not seem to exist, however, in all-girls schools.

Note 1 – This is to avoid conjugations yielding unacceptable vowel-consonant patters. For example, the theoretical conjugation for the third person masculine singular in present tense would be يَيْى . Here the suffix, a long vowel, would be starting a syllable. As you know, this is not allowed in Arabic. So the first first radical is dropped, and the correct conjugation becomes يى, which gives us an acceptable vowel-consonant combination.